Apparatus and methods for determining isotropic and anisotropic formation resistivity in the presence of invasion
A logging tool includes a tool body; a simple transmitter comprising a single antenna disposed on the tool body; four simple receivers, each comprising a single antenna, disposed on the tool body and spaced apart from the simple transmitter to form four arrays; and an electronic module for controlling operation of the four arrays, wherein the simple transmitter is configured to generate a magnetic field having a transverse component, wherein each of the four simple receivers is sensitive to the magnetic field generated by the simple transmitter, and at least one of the four simple receivers is sensitive to the transverse component of the magnetic field generated by the simple transmitter, and wherein the four arrays are configured to provide measurements at at least three depths of investigation.
1. A method for well logging, comprising:
disposing an electromagnetic logging tool in a borehole penetrating a formation;
obtaining a plurality of measurements of formation resistivity while the logging tool is substantially at a particular location within the borehole, wherein the plurality of measurements cover at least three different depths of investigation and at least one of the plurality of measurements is sensitive to formation anisotropy; and
determining an electrical property of the formation based on the plurality of measurements.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the determining an electrical property of the formation comprises determining an invaded zone resistivity, an un-invaded zone resistivity, formation anisotropy, or any combination thereof.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the invaded zone resistivity comprises a horizontal resistivity and a vertical resistivity.
4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the un-invaded zone resistivity comprises a horizontal resistivity and a vertical resistivity.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of measurements comprise at least one galvanic measurement.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the determining an electric property of the formation uses a formation model selected from a 1D model, a 1D+1D model, a 2D model, and a 3D model.