Modified physical refining of soybean oil
A solvent extraction free, process for producing refined soybean oil that is high in calcium and/or magnesium is described in which mechanically extracted crude soybean oil is subjected to a two-stage process to separate hydratable and nonhydratable phospholipids. In the first stage, the crude oil is intimately mixed with water or with a weakly acidic aqueous solution, e.g., a aqueous solution of citric acid or a similar organic acid, to form gums of the hydratable phospholipids. After removing the gums from the oil, e.g., by centrifuging, the oil from the first degumming is intimately mixed with a weakly basic solution, e.g., an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide or sodium metasilicate, to produce soapstock and reduce the magnesium and calcium in the oil to less than 100 ppm, followed by separation of the soapstock, e.g., by centrifuging. Free fatty acids are then removed through physical refining.
1. A process for treating crude soybean oil containing calcium and magnesium obtained from soybeans by mechanical extraction comprising:
a) mixing the crude soybean oil with water or an acidic aqueous solution to form gums of hydratable phospholipids;
b) separating the gums from the crude oil to obtain first treated soybean oil;
c) intimately mixing the first treated oil with a basic aqueous solution to produce soapstock containing calcium and magnesium, whereby the amount of calcium and magnesium remaining in the oil is less than 100 ppm; and
d) separating the soapstock from the first treated soybean oil.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein said acidic aqueous solution is comprised of water containing an organic acid.
3. The process of claim 1 , wherein said basic aqueous solution is comprised of water containing an alkali metal hydroxide or an alkali metal metasilicate.
4. The process of claim 1 , wherein said acidic aqueous solution is an aqueous solution of acetic acid.
5. The process of claim 1 , wherein said basic aqueous solution is an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide or sodium metasilicate.
6. A process for producing soybean oil from soybeans that are high in magnesium and calcium comprising:
a) heating said soybeans to at least 300° F.;
b) mechanically pressing said soybeans to separate soybean oil from soybean meal;
c) mixing the crude soybean oil with water or an acidic aqueous solution to form gums of hydratable phospholipids;
d) separating the gums from the crude oil to obtain first treated soybean oil;
e) intimately mixing the first treated oil with a basic aqueous solution to produce soapstock containing calcium and magnesium salts, whereby the amount of calcium and magnesium remaining in the oil is less than 100 ppm;
f) separating the soapstock from the first treated soybean oil; and
g) heating said soybean oil to a temperature of from about 450° F. to about 500° F. under a vacuum to remove free fatty acids from said soybean oil.
7. The process of claim 6 , wherein said soybeans are heated to at least 300° F. in less than about 60 seconds.
8. The process of claim 6 , wherein said soybeans are crushed while being frictionally heated to a temperature of from about 300° F. to about 370° F.
9. The process of claim 6 , further including bleaching said soybean oil following pressing.
10. The process of claim 6 , wherein said soybean oil is heated under a vacuum at a temperature of from about 460° F. to about 480° F.
11. The process of claim 6 , wherein said acidic aqueous solution is comprised of water containing an organic acid.
12. The process of claim 6 , wherein said basic aqueous solution is comprised of water containing an alkali metal hydroxide or an alkali metal metasilicate.
13. The process of claim 6 , wherein said acidic aqueous solution is an aqueous solution of acetic acid.
14. The process of claim 6 , wherein said basic aqueous solution is an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide or sodium metasilicate.
15. A process for producing soybean oil from soybeans that are high in magnesium and calcium comprising:
a) crushing said soybeans while frictionally heating said soybeans to a temperature of from about 300° F. to about 370° F.;
b) mechanically pressing the crushed soybeans to separate crude soybean oil from soybean meal;
c) mixing the crude soybean oil with acetic acid aqueous solution to form gums of hydratable phospholipids;
d) separating the gums from the crude oil to obtain first treated soybean oil;
e) intimately mixing the first treated oil with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide to produce soapstock containing calcium and magnesium, whereby the amount of calcium and magnesium remaining in the oil is less than 100 ppm;
f) separating the soapstock from the soybean oil; and
g) heating said soybean oil to a temperature of from about 450° F. to about 500° F. under a vacuum to remove free fatty acids from said soybean oil.
16. The process of claim 15 , wherein said soybeans are heated to at least 300° F. in less than about 60 seconds.
17. The process of claim 15 , further including bleaching said soybean oil following pressing.