Method and biosensors for detecting macromolecular biopolymers

1. A method for detecting macromolecular biopolymers, comprising the steps of:

bringing a sample into contact with at least one unit for immobilizing macromolecular biopolymers where the at least one unit for immobilizing macromolecular biopolymers is provided with first molecules which serve as capture molecules, it being possible for the sample to contain macromolecular biopolymers, and the macromolecular biopolymers or the first molecules having a marking which is used to generate a detectable signal;

binding the macromolecular biopolymers contained in the sample to the capture molecules, thereby forming complexes comprising the capture molecules and the macromolecular biopolymers;

exciting the emission of a signal by means of the marking;

detecting the signal emitted by means of the marking;

separating the complexes, thereby essentially instantaneously changing the intensity of the emitted signal; and

detecting the separation of the complexes by means of the essentially instantaneous change in the intensity of the signal, whereby the macromolecular biopolymers are detected.

2. A method for detecting macromolecular biopolymers using an electrode arrangement, comprising the steps of:

bringing a sample into contact with at least one unit for immobilizing macromolecular biopolymers where the at least one unit for immobilizing macromolecular biopolymers is provided with first molecules which serve as capture molecules, it being possible for the sample to contain macromolecular biopolymers;

binding the macromolecular biopolymers contained in the sample to the capture molecules, thereby forming complexes comprising the capture molecules and the macromolecular biopolymers;

carrying out a first electrical measurement;

separating the complexes, thereby essentially instantaneously changing the value of the electrical measurement;

carrying out a second electrical measurement out after the separation; and

detecting the separation of the complexes by means of the essentially instantaneous change in the value of the electrical measurement, whereby the macromolecular biopolymers are detected.

3. The method as claimed in claim 2 , wherein the step of carrying out the first and/or second electrical measurement comprises the step of measuring at the interface between the immobilization unit and the sample a potential at an electrode, the capacitance, the electrical resistance, the electrical current flow or the electrical potential.

4. The method as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising the step of detecting nucleic acids, proteins or complexes comprising nucleic acids and proteins as macromolecular biopolymers.

5. The method as claimed in claim 4 , wherein nucleic acid molecules are used as macromolecular biopolymers and as capture molecules so that double-stranded hybrid molecules are formed as complexes.

6. The method as claimed in claim 5 , wherein the first nucleic acid molecules serving as capture molecules are single-stranded molecules.

7. The method as claimed in claim 6 , wherein the separation of the hybrid molecules comprising capture molecules and nucleic acid molecules to be detected is effected by increasing the temperature to a temperature above the melting point of the double-stranded hybrid molecules.

8. The method as claimed in claim 7 , wherein the temperature is controlled by a temperature regulating unit integrated into a biosensor having the at least one immobilization unit.

9. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the at least one immobilization unit is arranged adjacent to at least one operating electrode.

10. The method as claimed in claim 9 , wherein the immobilization unit is arranged above the operating electrode.

11. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein at least one immobilization unit is applied directly on an operating electrode or a photodiode.

12. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the at least one immobilization unit is configured as an operating electrode.

13. The method as claimed in claim 9 , further comprising the step of applying a negative electrical potential to an operating electrode for the purpose of separating the hybrid molecules.

14. The method as claimed in claim 10 , further comprising the step of applying a negative electrical potential to an operating electrode for the purpose of separating the hybrid molecules.

15. The method as claimed in claim 11 , further comprising the step of applying a negative electrical potential to an operating electrode for the purpose of separating the hybrid molecules.

16. The method as claimed in claim 12 , further comprising the step of applying a negative electrical potential to an operating electrode for the purpose of separating the hybrid molecules.

17. The method as claimed in claim 9 , further comprising the step of applying a positive electrical potential to an operating electrode for the purpose of forming double-stranded hybrid molecules comprising capture molecules and nucleic acid molecules to be detected.

18. The method as claimed in claim 10 , further comprising the step of applying a positive electrical potential to an operating electrode for the purpose of forming double-stranded hybrid molecules comprising capture molecules and nucleic acid molecules to be detected.

19. The method as claimed in claim 11 , further comprising the step of applying a positive electrical potential to an operating electrode for the purpose of forming double-stranded hybrid molecules comprising capture molecules and nucleic acid molecules to be detected.

20. The method as claimed in claim 12 , further comprising the step of applying a positive electrical potential to an operating electrode for the purpose of forming double-stranded hybrid molecules comprising capture molecules and nucleic acid molecules to be detected.

21. The method as claimed in claim 13 , further comprising the step of applying a positive electrical potential to an operating electrode for the purpose of forming double-stranded hybrid molecules comprising capture molecules and nucleic acid molecules to be detected.

22. The method as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising the step of arranging a plurality of units for immobilizing macromolecular biopolymers in an array.

23. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the marking is selected from a group consisting of fluorescent dyes, chemiluminescence markings, enzymes, and enzyme ligands.

24. The method as claimed in claim 22 , wherein the marking is an enzyme which effects a reduction/oxidation recycling process.