Power conversion apparatus and methods using an adaptive waveform reference
A power conversion apparatus, such as a UPS, includes a first waveform reference signal generator circuit operative to generate a first waveform reference signal responsive to an AC bus, and a second waveform reference signal generator circuit operative to generate a second waveform reference signal, e.g., a more consistently sinusoidal signal produced by another source. The apparatus further includes a control circuit that selectively generates a third waveform reference signal from the first and second waveform reference signals, and a power converter circuit (e.g., a rectifier and/or inverter) coupled to the AC bus and operative to transfer power to and/or from the AC bus responsive to the third waveform reference signal. In particular, the control circuit may be operative to weightedly combine the first and second waveform reference signals to generate the third waveform reference signal. The control circuit may weightedly combine the first and second waveform reference signals responsive to an operating parameter of the power converter, such as a voltage, a current, a power factor, a source impedance, a voltage distortion and/or a harmonic input current.
1. A power conversion apparatus, comprising:
a first waveform reference signal generator circuit operative to generate a first waveform reference signal responsive to an AC bus;
a second waveform reference signal generator circuit operative to generate a second waveform reference signal;
a control circuit that selectively generates a third waveform reference signal from the first and second waveform reference signals; and
a power converter circuit coupled to the AC bus and operative to transfer power to and/or from the AC bus responsive to the third waveform reference signal.
2. An apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the control circuit is operative to weightedly combine the first and second waveform reference signals to generate the third waveform reference signal.
3. An apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein the control circuit is operative to weightedly combine the first and second waveform reference signals responsive to an operating parameter of the power converter.
4. An apparatus according to claim 3 , wherein the control circuit comprises:
a weighting factor determiner circuit operative to determine respective weighting factors for the respective first and second waveform reference signals responsive to the operating parameter; and
a combiner circuit operative to generate the third waveform reference signal from the first and second waveform reference signals according to the determined weighting factors.
5. An apparatus according to claim 4 , wherein the operating parameter comprises a voltage, a current, a power factor, an impedance, a pole frequency, a voltage distortion and/or a harmonic current.
6. An apparatus according to claim 4 , wherein the weighting factor determiner circuit is operative to determine the weighting factors according to one or more predetermined rules that associate respective weighting factor values with respective operating parameter states.
7. An apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein the control circuit is operative to estimate a source impedance at the AC bus, to weightedly combine the first and second waveform reference signals responsive to the estimated source impedance, and to subsequently determine a waveform parameter and weightedly combine the first and second waveform reference signals responsive to the determined waveform parameter.
8. An apparatus according to claim 7 , wherein the waveform parameter comprises a voltage, a current, a power factor, an impedance, a pole frequency, a voltage distortion and/or a harmonic current.
9. An apparatus according to claim 7 , wherein the control circuit is operative to weight the second waveform reference signal proportionally to the estimated source impedance.
10. An apparatus according to claim 7 , wherein the control circuit is operative to estimate a pole frequency from the estimated source impedance and to weight the first and second waveform references responsive to the estimated pole frequency.
11. An apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein the second waveform reference signal generator circuit is operative to synchronize the second waveform reference signal to the AC voltage on the AC bus.
12. An apparatus according to claim 11 , wherein the second waveform reference signal generator circuit comprises:
a sinusoidal signal generator circuit that produces a sinusoidal signal; and
a phase locked loop circuit that receives the sinusoidal signal and generates the second waveform reference signal from the sinusoidal reference signal responsive to the AC voltage on the AC bus.
13. An apparatus according to claim 2 wherein the power converter circuit comprises a rectifier and/or an inverter.
14. An apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein the power converter comprises a current-mode controlled converter.
15. A power conversion apparatus, comprising:
a waveform reference signal generator circuit operative to generate a waveform reference signal responsive to an AC voltage on an AC bus;
a sinusoidal signal generator circuit operative to generate a sinusoidal reference signal synchronized to the AC voltage;
a control circuit operative to weightedly combine the waveform reference signal and the sinusoidal reference signal to generate a composite waveform reference signal; and
a power converter circuit coupled to the AC bus and operative to transfer power to and/or from the AC bus responsive to the composite waveform reference signal.
16. An apparatus according to claim 15 , wherein the control circuit is operative to weightedly combine the waveform reference signal and the sinusoidal reference signal responsive to an operating parameter of the power converter.
17. An apparatus according to claim 16 , wherein the operating parameter comprises a voltage, a current, a power factor, an impedance, a pole frequency, a voltage distortion and/or a harmonic current.
18. An apparatus according to claim 15 , wherein the control circuit is operative to estimate a source impedance at the AC bus, to weightedly combine the waveform reference signal and the sinusoidal reference signal responsive to the estimated source impedance, and to subsequently determine a waveform parameter and weightedly combine the waveform reference signal and the sinusoidal reference signal responsive to the determined waveform parameter.
19. An apparatus according to claim 18 , wherein the waveform parameter comprises a voltage, a current, a power factor, an impedance, a pole frequency, a voltage distortion and/or a harmonic current.
20. An apparatus according to claim 15 , wherein the power converter circuit comprises a rectifier and/or an inverter.
21. An uninterrupted power supply (UPS), comprising:
a waveform reference signal generator circuit operative to generate a waveform reference signal responsive to an AC voltage on an AC bus;
a sinusoidal signal generator circuit operative to generate a sinusoidal reference signal synchronized to the AC voltage;
a control circuit operative to weightedly combine the waveform reference signal and the sinusoidal reference signal to generate a composite waveform reference signal; and
a power converter circuit coupled to the AC bus and operative to transfer power to and/or from the AC bus responsive to the composite waveform reference signal.
22. A UPS according to claim 21 , wherein the control circuit is operative to weightedly combine the waveform reference signal and the sinusoidal reference signal responsive to a voltage, a current, a power factor, an impedance, a pole frequency, a voltage distortion and/or a harmonic current.
23. A UPS according to claim 21 , wherein the control circuit is operative to estimate a source impedance at the AC bus, to weightedly combine the waveform reference signal and the sinusoidal reference signal responsive to the estimated source impedance, and to subsequently determine a waveform parameter and weightedly combine the waveform reference signal and the sinusoidal reference signal responsive to the determined waveform parameter.
24. A UPS according to claim 23 , wherein the waveform parameter comprises a voltage, a current, a power factor, an impedance, a pole frequency, a voltage distortion and/or a harmonic current.
25. A UPS according to claim 21 , wherein the power converter circuit comprises a rectifier and/or an inverter.
26. A power conversion method, comprising:
generating a first waveform reference signal responsive to an AC bus;
generating a second waveform reference signal;
selectively generating a third waveform reference signal from the first and second waveform reference signals;
transferring power to and/or from the AC bus responsive to the third waveform reference signal.
27. A method according to claim 26 , wherein selectively generating a third waveform reference signal from the first and second waveform reference signals comprises weightedly combining the first and second waveform reference signals to generate the third waveform reference signal.
28. A method according to claim 27 , wherein transferring power to and/or from the AC bus responsive to the third waveform reference signal comprises applying the third waveform reference signal to a power converter coupled to the AC bus, and wherein weightedly combining the first and second waveform reference signals to generate the third waveform reference signal comprises weightedly combining the first and second waveform reference signals responsive to an operating parameter of the power converter.
29. A method according to claim 28 , wherein weightedly combining the first and second waveform reference signals responsive to an operating parameter of the power converter comprises:
determining respective weighting factors for the respective first and second waveform reference signals responsive to the operating parameter; and
weightedly combining the first and second waveform reference signals according to the determined weighting factors.
30. A method according to claim 29 , wherein the operating parameter comprises a voltage, a current, a power factor, an impedance, a pole frequency, a voltage distortion and/or a harmonic current.
31. A method according to claim 29 wherein determining respective weighting factors for the respective first and second waveform reference signals responsive to the operating parameter comprises determining the weighting factors according to one or more predetermined rules that associate respective weighting factor values with respective operating parameter states.
32. A method according to claim 27 , wherein weightedly combining the first and second waveform reference signals to generate the third waveform reference signal comprises:
estimating a source impedance at the AC bus;
weightedly combining the first and second waveform reference signals responsive to the estimated source impedance;
determining a waveform parameter for the AC bus; and
weightedly combine the first and second waveform reference signals responsive to the determined waveform parameter.
33. A method according to claim 32 , wherein the waveform parameter comprises a voltage, a current, a power factor, an impedance, a pole frequency, a voltage distortion and/or a harmonic current.
34. A method according to claim 32 , wherein weightedly combining the first and second waveform reference signals responsive to the estimated source impedance comprises weighting the second waveform reference signal proportionally to the determined source impedance.
35. A method according to claim 32 further comprising wherein weightedly combining the first and second waveform reference signals responsive to the estimated source impedance comprises estimating a pole frequency from the estimated source impedance and weighting the first and second waveform references responsive to the estimated pole frequency.
36. A method according to claim 27 , further comprising synchronizing the second waveform reference signal to an AC voltage on the AC bus.
37. A method according to claim 27 , wherein transferring power to and/or from the AC bus responsive to the third waveform reference signal comprises applying the third waveform reference signal to a rectifier and/or an inverter coupled to the AC bus.