Liquid media containing Lewis acidic reactive compounds for storage and delivery of Lewis basic gases
View Patent ↗This invention relates to an improvement in a low-pressure storage and delivery system for gases having Lewis basicity, particularly hazardous specialty gases such as phosphine and arsine, which are utilized in the electronics industry. The improvement resides in storing the gases in a liquid incorporating a reactive compound having Lewis acidity capable of effecting a reversible reaction between a gas having Lewis basicity. The reactive compound comprises a reactive species that is dissolved, suspended, dispersed, or otherwise mixed with a nonvolatile liquid.
1. A process for storage and delivery of a gas, within a storage and delivery system comprised of a vessel containing a medium capable of storing a gas, and permitting delivery of said gas stored in said medium from said vessel, the improvement which comprises:
storing a gas having Lewis basicity in a reversibly reacted state within a liquid medium incorporating a liquid carrier and a reactive compound having Lewis acidity.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein the liquid carrier has a vapor pressure below about 10 −2 Torr at 25° C.
3. The process of claim 1 wherein at least 50% of the stored gas is removable within a working pressure range of from 20 to 760 Torr at a temperature from 20 to 50° C.
4. The process of claim 1 wherein the liquid medium is an ionic liquid.
5. The process of claim 4 wherein the Lewis basic gas is selected from the group consisting of phosphine, arsine, stibine, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen selenide, hydrogen telluride, and isotopically-enriched analogs.
6. The process of claim 5 wherein the ionic liquid is comprised of a salt of a tetraalkylphosphonium, tetraalkylammonium, N-alkylpyridinium, N,N′-dialkylimidazolium, pyridazinium, pyrimidinium, pyrazinium, pyrazolium, triazolium, thiazolium, or oxazolium cation.
7. The process of claim 6 wherein the reactive compound has a vapor pressure below about 10 −2 Torr at 25° C.
8. The process of claim 6 wherein the reactive compound is described by the empirical formula M a L b X c Y d where M represents one or more metals selected from the group consisting of alkaline earth (IUPAC Group 2), transition (IUPAC Group 3 through 11) and metals 12-15; L is a neutral donor ligand, X represents an anion that is either covalently bound to a metal or dissociates to form a counterion to a metal cation, and which may be combined with at least one donor ligand, L and/or cation Y; Y represents a cation that dissociates to form a counterion to a metal anion, and which may be combined with at least one donor ligand, and L and/or anion, X.
9. The process of claim 8 wherein the metal, M, is selected from the group consisting of Cu, Ag, Al, B, Sn, Ti, Zn, Fe, Ni, Pd, Pt, Mn, Ca, Ga, As, Sb, In, Nb, Mg, Sc, Zr, Co, Ru, and V.
10. The process of claim 9 wherein the donor ligand, L, is selected from the group consisting of amines, imines, nitriles, phosphines, phosphites, ethers, aldehyes, ketones thioethers, olefins, diolefins, and aromatics.
11. The process of claim 10 wherein the donor ligand, L, is selected from the group consisting of NH 3 , RNH 2 , R 2 NH, NR 3 , R 2 C═N—R, N∉CR, PH 3 , RPH 2 , R 2 PH, PR 3 , P(OR) 3 , OR 2 , SR 2 , CO, RCH(O), R 2 C═O, cyclooctadiene, benzene, where R is alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy, or polymer.
12. The process of claim 9 wherein the anion X is selected from the group consisting of halides, alkyls, alkoxides, aryls, aryloxides, alkylates, cyclopentadienyls, acetylacetonoates, amides, sulfonates, sulfates, borates, aluminates, aluminoxides, phosphates and arsenates.
13. The process of claim 12 wherein the anion X is selected from the group consisting of F − , Cl, Br − , I − , R − , RO − , cyclopentadienyl (Cp), pentamethylcyclopentadienyl, R 2 N − , acetylacetonoate (acac), hexafluoroacetylacetonoate (hfac), CF 3 SO 2 O − ( − OTf), RSO 2 O − , ROSO 2 O − , BF 4 − , BR 4 − , AlCl 4 − , PF 6 − , PR 3 F 3 − , AsF 6 − , NO 3 − , SO 4 − , where R is alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, haloalkyl, haloalkoxy and polymer.
14. The process of claim 6 wherein the reactive compound is represented by the formula MX and the reactive compound is selected from the group consisting of AgCl, AgBr, Agl, Ag(BF 4 ), Ag(OTf), Ag(NO 3 ), CuCl, CuBr, Cul, CuCN, Cu(OTf), Cu(PF 6 ), Cu(AsF 6 ), Cu(acac), Cu(O 2 CCH 3 ), Cu(O 2 CCF 3 ), and Cu[N(SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 ].
15. The process of claim 6 wherein the Lewis acidic reactive compound is represented by the formula MX 2 and is selected from the group consisting of CuCl 2 , Cu(BF 4 ) 2 , Cu(OTf) 2 , SnCl 2 , ZnCl 2 , NiCl 2 , MgCl 2 , Mg(CH 2 SCH 3 ) 2 , CaCl 2 , MnCl 2 , Ca(OTf) 2 , PdCl 2 , Pd(CN) 2 , (Cp) 2 Os, and (Cp) 2 Ru.
16. The process of claim 6 wherein the Lewis acidic reactive compound is represented by the formula MX 3 and is selected from the group consisting AlCl 3 , Al(OTf) 3 , FeCl 3 , GaCl 3 , SbCl 3 , InCl 3 , La(OTf) 3 , Sc(OTf) 3 , Ln(OTf) 3 , Yb(OTf) 3 , tributylborane, tributylborate, and tris(perfluorophenyl)borane.
17. The process of claim 6 wherein the Lewis acidic reactive compound is represented by the formula MX 4 and or MX 5 and is selected from the group consisting SnCl 4 , TiCl 4 , ZrCl 4 , PtCl 4 , Ptl 4 , and TiCl 3 (4-nitrophenoxide); SbCl 5 , and NbCl 5 .
18. The process of claim 6 wherein the Lewis acidic reactive compounds are selected from the group consisting of TiCl 3 ( 2 -phenyliminomethyl-phenoxide); bis(dibenzylideneacetone)Pd, bis(cyclooctadiene)Pd; (bisoxazoline)Cu(OTf) 2 , (bisoxazoline)Mg(OTf) 2 , (bisoxazoline)Zn(OTf) 2 , (bisoxazoline)Cu(SbF 6 ) 2 , (bisoxazoline)PdCl(CH 3 ); [PdCl(C 3 H 5 )] 2 , CuAlCl 4 ; [RhCl(CO) 2 ] 2 ; Al 2 Cl 7 − BMIM + , CuCl 2 − BMIM + , Cu 2 Cl 3 − BMIM + , and [(α-diimine)-Ni(CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 C(O)OCH 3 )] + B(3,5-CF 3 —C 6 H 3 ) 4 − ].
19. The process of claim 5 wherein the liquid carrier is comprised of a 1-alkyl-3-methyl imidazolium cation and BF4 − anion, and the reactive compound is a titanium compound selected from the group consisting of TiCl 3 (OCH 2 CH 3 ), TiCl 3 (OCH 2 CF 3 ), TiCl 2 (OCH 2 CF 3 ) 2 , TiCl 3 (OCH(CF 3 ) 2 ), TiCl 3 (phenoxide), TiCl 3 (pentafluorophenoxide), TiCl 3 (4-nitrophenoxide), TiCl 3 (2-phenyliminomethylphenoxide), TiCl 3 (4-Nitro-2-phenyliminomethylphenoxide) and TiCl 3 (2-[(2,6-diisopropylphenylimino)-methyl]phenoxide).
20. The process of claim 19 wherein the 1-alkyl-3-methyl imidazolium cation is selected from the group consisting of 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium and 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium.
21. The process of claim 19 wherein the Lewis basic gas is selected from the group consisting of phosphine, stibine and arsine.
22. The process of claim 5 wherein the reactive compound having Lewis acidity contains Brønsted acid groups, and said reactive compound is selected from the group consisting of polymeric sulfonic, perfluoroalkylsulfonic, and fluorinated sulfonic acids, cross-linked sulfonated polystyrene-divinylbenzene copolymers; poly(ethylene oxide)sulfonic acid, p-toluene sulfonic acid, dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid, dodecylsulfonic acid, benzoic acid, dimethylpropionic acid, dimethylolpropionic acid, dimethylolbutanoic acid, and dialkyl sulfosuccinic acid.
23. The process of claim 5 wherein the ionic liquid is Lewis acidic.
24. The process of claim 6 wherein the cation of the ionic liquid is selected from the group consisting N-alkylpyridinium, tetraalkylammonium and tetraalkylphosphonium salts and the anion is selected from the group consisting of tetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate, triflate, tosylate, methylsulfate, ethylsulfate, and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, BF4-, PF6-, CF3SO3-, p-CH3-C6H4SO3-, CH3OSO3-, CH3CH2OSO3-, and (CF3SO2)2N-].