Apparatus and method for joining tubulars
A preferred joint restraint includes a dampening force and a restraining force to control relative movement between a pad and gland and between the gland and bolt, respectively. The preferred restraint includes a gland, pads, and bolts. Preferably, a flexible member disposed in the pad selectively provides the dampening and retaining force. A preferred joint restraint also includes a pad and a bolt that coact to provide a controlled wedging action. The wedging action supplies supplemental tooth penetration and/or enhanced clamping force that stabilizes a shifting tubular member (pipe). A preferred tooth arrangement for a restraint pad produces an intermittent penetration pattern in the pipe. A preferred spacing member for a restraint tunes a clamping force generated by the restraint to accommodate variations in pipe geometry and/or materials. A preferred restraint is arranged according to a method that uses pipe expansion to provide an enhanced gripping action.
1 - 26 . (Cancelled)
27 . A joint restraint for a tubular that expands diametrically when subjected to internal hydrostatic pressure, the tubular having an axial centerline, the joint restraint comprising:
(a) a plurality of pads adapted to provide a clamping force, at least one of the pads having a tooth projecting inward toward the tubular, the at least one pad having a selected radial distance relative to the axial centerline during a selected operating pressure, the tooth providing a selected amount of tooth penetration when the tubular is at the selected operating pressure, the selected radial distance and a length of the tooth being determined by determining an expanded radial distance of the tubular when at the selected operating pressure.
28 . The joint restraint according to claim ( 27 ) wherein the tubular is PVC pipe.
29 . The joint restraint according to claim ( 27 ) wherein the selected amount of tooth penetration is thirty to seventy percent at the selected operating pressure.
30 . The joint restraint according to claim ( 27 ) wherein the selected operating pressure is the rated operating pressure and the selected amount of tooth penetration at between ten to twenty-five percent of the rated operating pressure is at least three percent and no greater than ten percent.
31 . The joint restraint according to claim ( 27 ) wherein the selected radial distance of the at least one pad is determined by adding the length of the at least one tooth that is outside of the tubular at the selected operating pressure to the determined expanded radial distance of the tubular.
32 . An apparatus for restraining a flexible tubular that expands radially when subjected to an internal hydrostatic pressure, the tubular having a no pressure state and a rated working pressure state, the apparatus comprising:
(a) a gland;
(b) a plurality of pads arrayed circumferentially within said gland, said pads having a retracted and extended radial position, said pads being substantially stationary when in said extended radial position; and
(c) at least one tooth formed on each of said pads; said at least one tooth having a first predetermined percentage of penetration when the tubular is in the no pressure state and a second predetermined percentage of penetration when the tubular is in the rated working pressure state, wherein said second predetermined percentage of penetration is less than 100%.
33 . The apparatus according to claim ( 32 ) wherein the first predetermined percentage is no greater than about 10%.
34 . The method according to claim ( 32 ) wherein the first predetermined percentage is substantially in the range of 3% to 10%.
35 . The apparatus according to claim ( 32 ) wherein the second predetermined percentage is substantially in the range of 30% to 70% percent.
36 . The apparatus according to claim ( 32 ) wherein the second predetermined percentage is about 50%.
37 . A joint restraint for a tubular member, comprising:
(a) a gland having an axial bore and a pocket;
(b) a pad disposed in said pocket;
(c) a bolt disposed in said axial bore of said gland, said bolt having a head adapted to seat on said gland, said bolt and said pad cooperating to provide a clamping force on a tubular member; and
(d) a spacer selectively interposed between said gland and said head of said bolt.
38 . The joint restraint according to claim ( 37 ) wherein said spacer has a thickness selected to control the clamping force provided by said bolt and said pad.
39 . The joint restraint according to claim ( 37 ) wherein said spacer is adapted to stabilize the movement of said bolt.
40 . The joint restraint according to claim ( 37 ) wherein said spacer is substantially U-shaped.
41 . A joint restraint for coupling two tubular members, comprising:
(a) a gland having a plurality of circumferentially spaced-apart pockets;
(b) a pad disposed in each said pocket, each said pad having:
(i) a clamping surface for engaging the surface of a tubular member; and
(ii) at least two teeth formed on said clamping surface, said teeth adapted to penetrate the surface of the tubular member, said teeth being substantially aligned along a first circumference; and
(c) a bolt for moving said paid at least from a retracted position to an extended position.
42 . The joint restraint according to claim 41 wherein said pad further comprises at least a third tooth substantially aligned on a second circumference that is different from said first circumference.
43 . The joint restraint according to claim 42 wherein said teeth have a generally tripod arrangement.
44 . The joint restraint according to claim 41 wherein said pad includes a contact edge along the perimeter of said clamping surface, said contact edge having a generally rounded profile.
45 . The joint restraint according to claim 41 wherein said pad includes a contact edge and a landing for offsetting said teeth from said contact edge.