Methods for producing reinforced carbon nanotubes
Methods for producing reinforced carbon nanotubes having a plurality of microparticulate carbide or oxide materials formed substantially on the surface of such reinforced carbon nanotubes composite materials are disclosed. In particular, the present invention provides reinforced carbon nanotubes (CNTs) having a plurality of boron carbide nanolumps formed substantially on a surface of the reinforced CNTs that provide a reinforcing effect on CNTs, enabling their use as effective reinforcing fillers for matrix materials to give high-strength composites. The present invention also provides methods for producing such carbide reinforced CNTs.
1. A method of manufacturing a reinforced carbon nanotube material comprising the steps of:
a) contacting a plurality of carbon nanotubes with a mineral acid to produce acid-treated carbon nanotubes;
b) mixing the acid-treated carbon nanotubes with a carbide forming source material to form a mixture thereof;
c) enclosing the mixture within a metallic material;
d) placing the metallic material containing the mixture in a reaction chamber, wherein the reaction chamber is capable of being pumped to a reduced pressure atmosphere and heated to a reaction temperature;
e) pumping the reaction chamber to the reduced pressure atmosphere; and
f) heating the reaction chamber to the reaction temperature causing formation of microparticulate carbide material on a surface of the acid-treated carbon nanotubes to produce the reinforced carbon nanotube material.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbide forming source material is a powder.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the powder is selected from the group consisting of magnesium dibromide (MgB 2 ), aluminum dibromide (AlB 2 ), calcium dibromide (CaB 2 ), and gallium dibromide (GaB 2 ).
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reduced pressure atmosphere is below 0.5 torr.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mineral acid is selected from the group consisting of hydrofluoric acid (HF), hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrobromic acid (HBr), hydroiodic acid (HI), sulfuric acid (H 2 S 0 4 ) and nitric acid (HNO 3 ).
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reaction temperature of the reaction chamber is from about 500° C. to about 2000° C.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method comprises a solid state reaction between a boron carbide forming source material and the acid-treated carbon nanotubes.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the microparticulate carbide material exists substantially as carbide nanoparticles on the surface of the acid-treated carbon nanotubes.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the microparticulate carbide material exists substantially as carbide nanolumps on the surface of the acid-treated carbon nanotubes to produce a non-contiguous surface layer on the surface.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the carbide nanolumps have an average diameter ranging from 10 to 200 nanometers.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the microparticulate carbide material is selected from the group consisting of boron carbide, silicon carbide, magnesium carbide, titanium carbide and nobium carbide.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the microparticulate carbide material is boron carbide.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the boron carbide has a stoichiometry described by the formula B x C y , wherein x is 4 to 50 and y is 1 to 4.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the microparticulate carbide material exists as a stable single phase having a homogeneity ranging from 8 to 20% of carbon atoms.
15. The method of claim 12 , wherein the boron carbide is selected from the group consisting of B 4 C, B 10 C, B 13 C, B 12 C 3 , B 50 C 2 , B 50 C, B 48 C 3 , B 51 C, B 49 C 3 , B 8 C, B 12 C, B 12 C 2 and B 11 C 4 .
16. A method of producing a reinforced composite material comprising:
producing a plurality of carbon nanotubes;
mixing the plurality of carbon nanotubes with a carbide forming source material to form a mixture;
placing the mixture in a metallic material;
placing the metallic material in a reaction chamber, wherein the reaction chamber is capable of being pumped to a reduced pressure atmosphere and heated to a reaction temperature;
pumping the reaction chamber to the reduced pressure atmosphere;
heating the reaction chamber to the reaction temperature to cause formation of a reinforced carbon nanotube material, wherein the reinforced carbon nanotube material comprises microparticulate carbide material on a surface of the plurality of carbon nanotubes; and
mixing a matrix material with the reinforced carbon nanotube material to produce a reinforced composite material.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein the plurality of carbon nanotubes are multi-walled carbon nanotubes.
18. The method of claim 16 wherein the carbide microparticulate carbide material comprises a boron carbide.
19. The method of claim 18 wherein the boron carbide is B 4 C.
20. The method of claim 16 wherein the metallic material is a tantalum foil.