Solute characterization by optoelectronkinetic potentiometry in an inclined array of optical traps
A method and apparatus for selecting a specific fraction from a heterogeneous fluid-borne sample using optical gradient forces in a microfluidic or fluidic system are presented. Samples may range in size from a few nanometers to at least tens of micrometers, may be dispersed in any fluid medium, and may be sorted on the basis of size, shape, optical characteristics, charge, and other physical properties. The selection process involves passive transport through optical intensity field driven by flowing fluid, and so offers several advantages over competing techniques. These include continuous rather than batch-mode operation, continuous and dynamic tunability, operation over a wide range of samples, compactness, and low cost.
1. A method for characterizing a charged solute, comprising the steps of:
operatively spacing apart a first electrode and a second electrode to form an interelectrode gap;
providing an electrometer in communication with the first electrode and the second electrode;
projecting an array of optical traps positioned in the interelectrode gap;
using the first electrode and second electrode to measure the transverse electrokinetic voltage arising from the deflection of the charged solute by the array of optical traps as the charged solute is being driven by solvent flow through the array of optical traps; and
using the transverse electrokinetic voltage to characterize the charged solute.
2. In the method of claim 1 wherein an external biasing force is present, the improvement, comprising the steps of:
applying the external biasing force to a plurality of charged particles;
orienting the array at a plurality of angles with respect to the biasing force; and
measuring the transverse electrokinetic voltage at each of the plurality of angles, wherein each measurement of the transverse electrokinetic voltage is associated with a corresponding angle of the array at which the measurement is made.
3. The method of claim 2 , further comprising the step of determining a maximum transverse electrokinetic voltage, a minimum transverse electrokinetic voltage and the corresponding angles of the array.
4. The method of claim 3 , further comprising the step of calculating the magnitude of the charged particles' charge from the maximum transverse electrokinetic voltage, the minimum transverse electrokinetic voltage, and the respective corresponding angles of the array.
5. The method as defined in claim 1 further comprising the step of determining magnitude of charge of the solute from the transverse electrokinetic voltage.
6. The method as defined in claim 5 wherein the step of determining magnitude of charge comprises measuring magnitude of maximum and minimum values of the transverse electrokinetic voltage.
7. The method as defined in claim 1 further comprising the step of determining a particle hydrodynamic radius for the solute from the transverse electrokinetic voltage.
8. The method as defined in claim 7 wherein a laser is used to form the array of optical traps and the step of determining a particle hydrodynamic radius comprises measuring dependence of the transverse electrokinetic voltage on power from the laser used to form the array of optical traps.
9. The method as defined in claim 7 wherein the step of determining a particle hydrodynamic radius comprises measuring a lattice constant of the array of optical traps.
10. The method as defined in claim 1 further including the step of measuring sign of charge for the charted solute by determining sign of the transverse electrokinetic voltage.
11. The method as defined in claim 1 further including the step of determining polydispersity in size of particles of the charged solute by measuring at least one of maximum transverse electrokinetic voltage, minimum transverse electrokinetic voltage, dependence of the maximum transverse electrokinetic voltage and the minimum transverse electrokinetic voltage on power of a laser used to form the optical traps and dependence of the maximum transverse electrokinetic voltage and minimum transverse electrokinetic voltage on lattice constant of the array of optical traps.
12. The method as defined in claim 1 further including the step of determining flow velocity of the charged solute from measured values of transverse velocity of the charged solute.
13. The method as defined in claim 1 further including the step of measuring as a function of angular orientation at least one of power of a laser used to form the optical traps, flow speed of the charged solute, optical trap geometry and combinations thereof to obtain detailed information about properties of the charged solute.