Back-contact solar cells and methods for fabrication
Methods for fabrication of emitter wrap through (EWT) back-contact solar cells and cells made by such methods. Certain methods provide for higher concentration of dopant in conductive vias compared to the average dopant concentration on front or rear surfaces, and provided increased efficiency. Certain methods provide for selective doping to holes for forming conductive vias by use of printed dopant pastes. Other methods provide for use of spin-on glass substrates including dopant.
1. A method for making an emitter wrap through (EWT) solar cell, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a semiconductor wafer with a front surface and a rear surface and a plurality of holes connecting the front surface to the rear surface, the rear surface not coated with a diffusion barrier;
applying a first dopant diffusion source only on first selected regions of the rear surface in a pattern comprising the rear surface holes;
applying a second dopant diffusion source only on second selected regions of the rear surface in a pattern not comprising the rear surface holes; and
diffusing dopants from the first dopant diffusion source and the second dopant diffusion source into the semiconductor wafer by firing.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the semiconductor wafer comprises silicon, the first dopant source comprises phosphorus and the second dopant source comprises boron.
3. The method of claim 2 further comprising the step of applying the first dopant diffusion source comprising phosphorus to the front surface in a pattern comprising the front surface holes.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein in the step of applying the first dopant diffusion source at least a portion of the holes are filled with the first dopant diffusion source.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the steps of:
etching the semiconductor wafer with an acid solution following the diffusing step;
applying a dielectric layer for passivation to at least the front surface of the etched semiconductor wafer; and
applying a first conductivity type metal grid to the rear surface in a pattern comprising at least a portion of the first dopant diffusion source pattern and a second conductivity type metal grid to the rear surface in a pattern comprising at least a portion of the second dopant diffusion source pattern.
6. A method for making an EWT solar cell, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a semiconductor wafer with a front surface and a rear surface and a plurality of holes connecting the front surface to the rear surface;
printing material for forming a diffusion barrier only on selected regions of the rear surface in a pattern not comprising the rear surface holes without removing the material from unwanted regions;
cleaning the wafer;
diffusing a first dopant into the wafer;
etching the wafer; and
applying a first conductivity type metal grid to the rear surface in a pattern comprising the rear surface holes and a second conductivity type metal grid to the rear surface in a pattern separated from the first conductivity type metal grid by the diffusion barrier pattern.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein the semiconductor wafer comprises p-conductivity type silicon, the first dopant comprises phosphorus, the first conductivity type metal grid comprises silver, and the second conductivity type metal grid comprises aluminum.
8. The method of claim 7 further comprising the steps of:
applying a dielectric layer for passivation to at least a portion of the surface of the p-conductivity type silicon wafer following the etch step;
wherein application of the first dopant phosphorus source results in a resistance of between about 30 and 60 Ω/sq; and
wherein the step of applying first and second conductivity type metal grids comprises printing grid patterns and firing.
9. The method of claim 6 wherein the diffusion barrier comprises a second dopant of opposite conductivity type to the first dopant.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein the first dopant comprises phosphorus and the second dopant forming a part of the diffusion barrier comprises boron.
11. The method of claim 9 wherein the first dopant and second dopant are simultaneously diffused into the wafer.
12. A method for making an EWT solar cell, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a semiconductor wafer with a front surface and a rear surface and a plurality of holes connecting the front surface to the rear surface;
applying a first spin-on glass (SOG) diffusion barrier to the rear surface;
applying a resist in a pattern not comprising the rear surface holes;
etching the wafer to remove first SOG not covered by the patterned resist;
stripping the resist from the wafer;
diffusing a first dopant into the wafer;
etching the wafer to at least remove remaining first SOG; and
applying a first conductivity type metal grid to the rear surface in a pattern comprising the rear surface holes and a second conductivity type metal grid to the rear surface in a pattern comprising the resist pattern.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein the semiconductor wafer comprises silicon, the first dopant comprises phosphorus and applying the first SOG comprises application by spinning or spraying and furnace densification.
14. The method of claim 12 wherein the first SOG comprises a second dopant of opposite conductivity type to the first dopant.
15. A method for making an EWT solar cell, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a semiconductor wafer with a front surface and a rear surface and a plurality of holes connecting the front surface to the rear surface;
applying a first SOG comprising a first dopant to the rear surface;
applying a resist in a pattern not comprising the rear surface holes;
etching the wafer to remove first SOG not covered by the patterned resist;
stripping the resist from the wafer;
applying a second SOG comprising a second dopant of opposite conductivity type to the first dopant to the rear surface;
firing the wafer to diffuse the first dopant and second dopant into the wafer;
etching the wafer to at least remove remaining first and second SOG; and
applying a first conductivity type metal grid to the rear surface in a pattern comprising the rear surface holes and a second conductivity type metal grid to the rear surface in a pattern comprising the resist pattern.
16. The method of claim 15 further comprising the step of applying a third SOG to the front surface of the wafer, the third SOG comprising a lower concentration of second dopant than is in the second SOG.
17. The method of claim 15 wherein firing comprises firing with a plurality of wafers arrayed approximately parallel and front surface to back surface, whereby second dopant from the second SOG on the back surface of a first wafer is diffused to the immediately adjacent front surface of an immediately adjacent second wafer.