Compositions of matter: system II
The present invention relates to new compositions of matter, particularly metals and alloys, and methods of making such compositions. The new compositions of matter exhibit long-range ordering and unique electronic character.
1. A method of modifying the electronic structure of a material comprising the steps of:
(1.) Melting the material;
(2.) Adding a carbon source to the material; and
(3.) Varying the temperature of the material between two temperatures over one or more cycles, wherein the material remains at a temperature above the melting point during the entire step; and
(4) Cooling the material to room temperature;
the improvement comprising exposing at least one gas or gaseous addition to a radiation source and adding said gas or gaseous addition during one or more of the above steps;
and/or exposing the material to a radiation source in during one or more of the above steps,
wherein said radiation source is selected from the group consisting of short arc lamps, high intensity discharge lamps, pencil lamps, lasers, light emitting diodes, a radiation source emitting wavelengths consisting of infrared wavelengths, a radiation source emitting wavelengths consisting of ultraviolet wavelengths, a radiation source emitting wavelengths consisting of long wave ultraviolet wavelengths and/or halogen lamps.
2. The method of claim 1 further comprising one or more of the steps, in one or more iterations or cycles:
(5.) Adding a flow of a gas through the material;
(6.) Varying the temperature of the material between two temperatures over one or more cycles, wherein the material remains at a temperature above the melting point during the entire step;
(7.) Adding a carbon source to the material; and/or
(8.) Holding the material with optional gas addition.
3. The method of claim 2 further comprising one or more of the steps, in one or more iterations or cycles:
(9.) Lowering the temperature of a molten material, wherein the material becomes supersaturated with carbon;
(10.) Varying the temperature of the material between two temperatures over one or more cycles, wherein supersaturation with carbon is maintained and the material remains at a temperature above the melting point during the entire step, optionally in the presence of gas addition during the entire step or any portion of the step;
(11.) Holding the material at a selected temperature, optionally in the presence of gas addition; and/or (12.) Cooling the material, such that the material continues to be supersaturated with carbon and the material remains at a temperature above the melting point, optionally in the presence of gas addition.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein steps 9, 10 and/or 11 are repeated at least one time.
5. The method of claim 3 wherein steps 9, 10 and/or 11 are repeated at least four times.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein said gas or gaseous addition comprises a combination of at least two of the following gases:
hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, neon, argon, and krypton.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the radiation source is a pencil lamp.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the radiation source is a high intensity discharge lamp.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the radiation source is a short arc lamp.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein multiple radiation sources are used in combination.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein the improvement comprises, during step (3), adding a first gas to the material while increasing the temperature of the material and adding a second and different gas to the material while decreasing the temperature of the material.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein the first and second gases are gas mixtures.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein the first and/or second gas mixtures are exposed to radiation.
14. The method of claim 1 wherein the radiation source emits visible light.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the material is exposed to said radiation source in a pulsed sequence.
16. The method of claim 14 wherein the material is exposed to said radiation source in combination with a filter.
17. The method of claim 1 wherein the radiation source emits a wavelength in the range of 180 nm to 1100 nm.
18. The method of claim 17 wherein the wavelength is between 400 nm and 700 nm.
19. The method of claim 1 wherein the gas is in a translucent or transparent conduit while exposed to said radiation source in a closed system.
20. The method of claim 1 fun her comprising the step of filtering radiation emitted from at least one form of the radiation source and exposing the material or at least one gas to the filtered radiation in a further step or during one or more of the above steps.
21. A method of modifying the electronic structure of a material comprising exposing a material to a radiation source, wherein the material has been produced by a process comprising the steps of:
(1.) Melting the material;
(2.) Adding a carbon source to the material; and
(3.) Varying the temperature of the material between two temperatures over one or more cycles, wherein the material remains at a temperature above the melting point during the entire step; and
(4) Cooling the material to room temperature wherein said radiation source is selected from the group consisting of short arc lamps, high intensity discharge lamps, pencil lamps, lasers, light emitting diodes, a radiation source emitting wavelengths consisting of infrared wavelengths, a radiation source emitting wavelengths consisting of ultraviolet wavelengths, a radiation source emitting wavelengths consisting of long wave ultraviolet wavelengths and/or halogen lamps.