Methods of activating or inhibiting G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)
The invention relates generally to G protein coupled receptors and in particular to agonists and antagonists of G protein receptors and methods of using the same.
1. A method of modulating signaling associated with a chemokine receptor, said method comprising contacting a cell that expresses said chemokine receptor with a compound, wherein the compound comprises:
(i) a first domain comprising the third intracellular loop (i3 loop) of said chemokine receptor, or a fragment thereof, wherein said fragment comprises at least 5 contiguous amino acid residues of said i3 loop; and
(ii) a second domain, attached to the first domain, wherein the second domain comprises a cell-penetrating, membrane-tethering hydrophobic moiety;
wherein said compound binds to its cognate chemokine receptor.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said i3 loop fragment comprises at least 7 contiguous amino acid residues of the third intracellular loop.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said second domain comprises a lipid moiety.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said second domain comprises a hydrophobic moiety that is selected from the group consisting of: capryloyl (C 8 ); nonanoyl (C 9 ); capryl (C 10 ); undecanoyl (C 11 ); lauroyl (C 12 ); tridecanoyl (C 13 ); myristoyl (C 14 ); pentadecanoyl (C 15 ); palmitoyl (C 16 ); phytanoyl ((CH 3 ) 4 ); heptadecanoyl (C 17 ); stearoyl (C 18 ); nonadecanoyl (C 19 ); arachidoyl (C 20 ); heneicosanoyl (C 21 ); behenoyl (C 22 ); trucisanoyl (C 23 ); and lignoceroyl (C 24 ).
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein said second domain comprises a palmitoyl (C 16 ) moiety.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein said second domain comprises a myristoyl (C 14 ) moiety.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein said second domain comprises a pentadecanoyl (C 15 ) moiety.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein said second domain comprises a steroid.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein said second domain comprises a hydrophobic moiety that is selected from the group consisting of: a phospholipid, a steroid, a sphingosine, a ceramide, an octylglycine, a 2-cyclohexylalanine, and a benzolylphenylalanine.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein said compound further comprises a third domain, said third domain comprising a cell-penetrating, membrane tethering hydrophobic moiety attached to said first domain.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the chemokine receptor is CXCR4.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the chemokine receptor is CCR5.