Voltage threshold ablation apparatus
The present invention relates to the field of electrosurgery, and more particularly to systems and methods for ablating, cauterizing and/or coagulating body tissue using radio frequency energy. More in particular, the systems utilize voltage threshold means for controlling the voltage applied to tissue in a cycle-to-cycle manner.
1. A surgical probe for applying electrical energy to tissue, the probe working end having a tissue-contacting surface fabricated of a microporous non-conductive ceramic body and an interior electrode at an interior of the microporous ceramic body, the interior electrode coupled to an electrical source,
further comprising a voltage threshold switch mechanism intermediate the electrical source and the interior electrode,
wherein the voltage threshold switch mechanism is configured to prevent current conduction until the voltage across the voltage switch mechanism reaches a threshold voltage and includes flow means for flowing a gas therethrough.
2. A surgical probe as in claim 1 further comprising an opposing polarity electrode at an exterior of the working end, the opposing polarity electrode coupled to the electrical source.
3. A surgical probe as in claim 1 wherein the voltage threshold switch mechanism is proximate the interior of the tissue-contacting surface.
4. A surgical probe as in claim 1 wherein the voltage threshold switch mechanism is within an interior of a handle portion of the probe.
5. A surgical probe as in claim 1 wherein the microporous nonconductive ceramic body has a thickness of less than about 1000 microns.
6. A surgical probe as in claim 1 wherein the microporous nonconductive ceramic body has a thickness of less than about 500 microns.
7. A surgical probe as in claim 1 wherein the microporous nonconductive ceramic body has a thickness of less than about 100 microns.
8. A surgical instrument for delivering electrical energy to tissue at a targeted site, the instrument including a handle portion extending to a working end having a tissue-contacting surface of a microporous non-conductive material, at least one electrode at an interior of the microporous material, and control means within an interior of the instrument for cycle-to-cycle control of voltage applied to the electrode from a voltage source.
9. A surgical instrument as in claim 8 wherein the control means comprises a voltage threshold mechanism that permits electrical conduction from the voltage source to the at least one electrode only in cycle-to-cycle intervals in which a specified threshold voltage occurs.
10. A surgical instrument as in claim 9 wherein the voltage threshold mechanism comprises a spark gap.
11. A surgical instrument as in claim 10 wherein the spark gap comprises a gap in an electrically conductive pathway between the voltage source and the at least one electrode, the gap within a chamber carrying a selected gas.
12. A surgical instrument as in claim 11 further comprising gas flow means for flowing the selected gas through said chamber.
13. A surgical instrument as in claim 8 wherein the microporous nonconductive material is at least one of a ceramic, a glass and a polymer.
14. A surgical instrument as in claim 8 wherein the microporous nonconductive material has a pore size that is substantially impervious to liquid flow therethrough.
15. A surgical instrument as in claim 8 wherein the microporous nonconductive material has a mean pore dimension of less than about 10 microns.
16. A surgical instrument as in claim 8 wherein the microporous nonconductive material has a mean pore dimension of less than about 5 microns.
17. A surgical instrument as in claim 8 wherein the microporous nonconductive material has a mean pore dimension of less than about 1 micron.
18. A surgical probe for applying electrical energy to tissue, the probe having a tissue-contacting surface including a microporous non-conductive ceramic body covering a first interior electrode, a second opposing polarity electrode carried at an exterior of the ceramic body, and a voltage source coupled to the first and second electrodes,
wherein the microporous ceramic has an interconnected pore network with pores having a mean cross section of less than 5 microns.
19. A surgical probe for applying electrical energy to tissue, the probe working end having an electrically non-conductive tissue-contacting surface with a thickness of less than about 1000 microns and an interior electrode within at an interior of the working end coupled to an electrical source, and
a voltage threshold switch mechanism intermediate the electrical source and the interior electrode, said switch located proximal the interior of the working end or within an interior of a handle portion of the probe.
20. A surgical probe as in claim 19 further comprising an opposing polarity electrode at an exterior of the working end, the opposing polarity electrode coupled to the electrical source.
21. A surgical probe as in claim 20 wherein the voltage threshold switch mechanism includes flow means for flowing a gas therethrough.
22. A surgical probe as in claim 19 wherein the microporous nonconductive ceramic body has a thickness of less than about 500 microns.
23. A surgical probe as in claim 19 wherein the microporous nonconductive ceramic body has a thickness of less than about 100 microns.
24. A surgical probe for applying electrical energy to tissue, the probe working end having a tissue-contacting surface fabricated of a microporous non-conductive ceramic body and an interior electrode at an interior of the microporous ceramic body, the electrode coupled to an electrical source and a voltage switch mechanism intermediate the electrical source and the interior electrode including flow means for flowing a gas therethrough,
wherein the microporous nonconductive ceramic body has a thickness of less than about 1000 microns.
25. A surgical probe as in claim 24 further comprising an opposing polarity electrode at an exterior of the working end, the opposing polarity electrode coupled to the electrical source.
26. A surgical probe as in claim 24 wherein the voltage threshold switch mechanism is proximate the interior of tissue-contacting surface.
27. A surgical probe as in claim 24 wherein the voltage threshold switch mechanism is within an interior of a handle portion of the probe.
28. A surgical probe as in claim 24 wherein the microporous nonconductive ceramic body has a thickness less than 500 microns.
29. A surgical probe as in claim 24 wherein the microporous nonconductive ceramic body has a thickness of less than about 100 microns.
30. A surgical probe for applying electrical energy to tissue, the probe working end having a tissue-contacting surface fabricated of a microporous non-conductive ceramic body and an interior electrode at an interior of the microporous ceramic body, the electrode coupled to an electrical source, and a voltage switch mechanism intermediate the electrical source and the interior electrode, where the switch mechanism is within an interior of the tissue-contacting surface or within an interior of a handle portion of the probe,
wherein the microporous nonconductive ceramic body has a thickness of less than about 1000 microns.
31. A surgical probe as in claim 30 further comprising an opposing polarity electrode at an exterior of the working end, the opposing polarity electrode coupled to the electrical source.
32. A surgical probe as in claim 30 further comprising a voltage threshold switch mechanism intermediate the electrical source and the interior electrode.
33. A surgical probe as in claim 32 wherein the voltage threshold switch mechanism is within an interior of a handle portion of the probe.
34. A surgical probe as in claim 32 wherein the voltage threshold switch mechanism includes flow means for flowing a gas therethrough.
35. A surgical probe for applying electrical energy to tissue, the probe comprising:
a working end having a tissue-contacting surface fabricated of a microporous non-conductive ceramic body and an interior electrode within an interior of the microporous ceramic body, the electrode coupled to an electrical source,
a voltage threshold switch mechanism intermediate the electrical source and the interior electrode, and
an opposing polarity electrode at an exterior of the working end, the opposing polarity electrode coupled to the electrical source,
wherein the voltage threshold switch mechanism is proximate the interior of tissue-contacting surface and wherein the microporous nonconductive ceramic body has a thickness of less than about 1000 microns.
36. A surgical probe as in claim 35 wherein the voltage threshold switch mechanism is within an interior of a handle portion of the probe.
37. A surgical probe as in claim 35 wherein the voltage threshold switch mechanism includes flow means for flowing a gas therethrough.
38. A surgical probe as in claim 35 wherein the microporous nonconductive ceramic body has a thickness of less than about 500 microns.
39. A surgical probe as in claim 35 wherein the microporous nonconductive ceramic body has a thickness of less than about 100 microns.