Functionalized amphiphilic plant-based polymers
Amphiphilic copolymers formed from plant oil-derived vinyl ether monomers and polyethylene glycol alkyl vinyl ethers are provided. Nanoparticles coated with these amphiphilic polymers are well-suited for water remediation applications.
1. A copolymer comprising:
at least one first monomer comprising a plant-derived vinyl ether monomer having the structure
wherein R 1 is a divalent organic group; Z is a heteroatom selected from O, N or S; R 2 comprises an aliphatic group obtained from a plant; and R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are each independently H or alkyl;
at least one second monomer comprising a polyethylene glycol alkyl vinyl ether having the structure
wherein R 12 is divalent organic group that functions as a spacer between the vinyl ether and the second ether functionality; R 13 is a monovalent alkyl; R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 are each independently H or alkyl; and n is 2 to 20; and
at least one chelating or coordinating group selected from the group consisting of carboxyl, phosphonate, phosphonic acid, sulfonate, sulfonic acid, anhydride, silane, amine, thiol, and substituted phenol, wherein the chelating or coordinating group is directly attached to the polymer backbone.
2. The copolymer of claim 1 wherein the first monomer is obtained from a plant oil.
3. The copolymer of claim 2 wherein the plant oil-derived monomer comprises a plurality of monomers, and wherein for each of the plurality of monomers, R 2 is independently a C8-C21 aliphatic group obtained from a plant oil.
4. The copolymer of claim 1 wherein the aliphatic group is substituted with at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of an epoxide group, an acrylate-functional group, a vinyl group, and an alcohol group.
5. The copolymer of claim 1 comprising a repeating structure comprising:
wherein x and y are independently 2 to 500.
6. The copolymer of claim 1 further comprising at least one third monomer comprising a disubstituted double bond in which at least one substituent at each carbon of the double bond comprises a carbonyl group.
7. The copolymer of claim 1 further comprising at least one third monomer comprising maleic anhydride, citraconic anhydride, maleic acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid, or fumaric acid.
8. A composition comprising the copolymer of claim 1 .
9. The composition of claim 8 , selected from the group comprising a detergent, a coating and an ink.
10. The composition of claim 8 further comprising a bioremediation agent.
11. The composition of claim 10 wherein the bioremediation agent is selected from the group consisting of a nanoparticle, a nanotube, a nutrient, an enzyme, a detergent, and a microorganism.
12. An article coated with or surface-modified with a copolymer of claim 1 .
13. The article of claim 12 comprising a nanostructure.
14. The article of claim 13 wherein the nanostructure comprises a nanoparticle or a nanotube.
15. The article of claim 14 wherein the nanoparticle comprises iron.
16. The article of claim 14 wherein the nanotube comprises carbon.
17. The article of claim 12 comprising paper.
18. The copolymer of claim 1 , wherein the chelating or coordinating group is capable of chelating or coordinating to a metal ion or atom.
19. The copolymer of claim 18 , wherein the metal ion or atom comprises iron, zinc, magnesium, palladium or nickel.
20. A copolymer comprising:
at least one first monomer comprising a plant-derived vinyl ether monomer having the structure
wherein R 1 is a divalent organic group; Z is a heteroatom selected from O, N or S; R 2 comprises an aliphatic group obtained from a plant; and R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are each independently H or alkyl;
at least one second monomer comprising a polyethylene glycol alkyl vinyl ether having the structure
wherein R 12 is divalent organic group that functions as a spacer between the vinyl ether and the second ether functionality; R 13 is a monovalent alkyl; R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 are each independently H or alkyl; and n is 2 to 20;
at least one third monomer comprising a disubstituted double bond in which at least one substituent at each carbon of the double bond comprises a carbonyl group; and
at least one chelating or coordinating group selected from the group consisting of carboxyl, phosphonate, phosphonic acid, sulfonate, sulfonic acid, anhydride, silane, amine, thiol, and substituted phenol.
21. The copolymer of claim 20 wherein the third monomer comprises maleic anhydride, citraconic anhydride, maleic acid, itaconic acid, citraconic acid, or fumaric acid.
22. The copolymer of claim 20 wherein the plant-derived monomer comprises a plurality of plant oil-derived monomers, and wherein for each of the plurality of monomers, R 2 is independently a C8-C21 aliphatic group obtained from a plant oil.
23. The copolymer of claim 20 wherein the aliphatic group is substituted with at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of an epoxide group, an acrylate-functional group, a vinyl group, and an alcohol group.
24. The copolymer of claim 20 wherein the aliphatic group is substituted with the chelating or coordinating group.
25. The copolymer of claim 20 comprising a repeating structure
wherein x and y are independently 2 to 500.
26. The copolymer of claim 20 , wherein the chelating or coordinating group is capable of chelating or coordinating to a metal ion or atom.
27. The copolymer of claim 26 , wherein the metal ion or atom comprises iron, zinc, magnesium, palladium or nickel.
28. A composition comprising the copolymer of claim 20 .
29. The composition of claim 28 , selected from the group comprising a detergent, a coating and an ink.
30. The composition of claim 28 further comprising a bioremediation agent.
31. The composition of claim 30 wherein the bioremediation agent is selected from the group consisting of a nanoparticle, a nanotube, a nutrient, an enzyme, a detergent, and a microorganism.
32. An article coated with or surface-modified with a copolymer of claim 20 .
33. The article of claim 32 comprising a nanostructure.
34. The article of claim 33 wherein the nanostructure comprises a nanoparticle or a nanotube.
35. The article of claim 34 wherein the nanoparticle comprises iron.
36. The article of claim 34 wherein the nanotube comprises carbon.
37. The article of claim 32 comprising paper.
38. A copolymer comprising:
at least one first monomer comprising a plant-derived vinyl ether monomer having the structure
wherein R 1 is a divalent organic group; Z is a heteroatom selected from O, N or S; R 2 comprises an aliphatic group obtained from a plant; and R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are each independently H or alkyl;
at least one second monomer comprising a polyethylene glycol alkyl vinyl ether having the structure
wherein R 12 is divalent organic group that functions as a spacer between the vinyl ether and the second ether functionality; R 13 is a monovalent alkyl; R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 are each independently H or alkyl; and n is 2 to 20; and
at least one chelating or coordinating group selected from the group consisting of a carboxylated thiol, an alkoxysilane group, or —N(CH 2 CO 2 H) 2 .
39. The copolymer of claim 38 , comprising a repeating structure comprising:
wherein x and y are independently 2 to 500.
40. The copolymer of claim 38 , wherein the chelating or coordinating group is capable of chelating or coordinating to a metal ion or atom.
41. The copolymer of claim 40 , wherein the metal ion or atom comprises iron, zinc, magnesium, palladium or nickel.
42. A composition comprising the copolymer of claim 38 .
43. The composition of claim 42 , selected from the group comprising a detergent, a coating and an ink.
44. The composition of claim 42 further comprising a bioremediation agent.
45. The composition of claim 44 wherein the bioremediation agent is selected from the group consisting of a nanoparticle, a nanotube, a nutrient, an enzyme, a detergent, and a microorganism.
46. An article coated with or surface-modified with a copolymer of claim 38 .
47. The article of claim 46 comprising a nanostructure.
48. The article of claim 47 wherein the nanostructure comprises a nanoparticle or a nanotube.
49. The article of claim 48 wherein the nanoparticle comprises iron.
50. The article of claim 48 wherein the nanotube comprises carbon.
51. The article of claim 46 comprising paper.