Asymmetric forward osmosis membranes
There is disclosed a membrane formulation having high flux for forward osmosis applications. There is disclosed a forward osmosis filtration membrane having a salt rejection 99+% or greater, and comprising an asymmetric hydrophobic porous backing and cellulosic fibers. The membranes of the present invention find use in a variety of applications including osmotic-driven water purification and filtration, desalination of sea water, purification of contaminated aqueous waste streams, and the like. Specifically, there is disclosed a forward osmosis filtration membrane having a skin layer for salt rejection and a porous scaffold layer having a woven or non-woven mesh embedded within it.
1. An asymmetric forward osmosis membrane having three layers comprising:
(a) a skin layer made from polymeric material having a top surface as a rejection surface of the asymmetric forward osmosis membrane, and a bottom surface, wherein the density of the skin layer is greater than 50% polymer by volume, and wherein the skin layer has an average thickness of from about 8 to about 18 microns;
(b) a porous scaffold layer having a first surface bonded to the bottom surface of the skin layer and a second surface, wherein the scaffold layer is made from the same polymeric material as the skin layer and wherein the density of the scaffold layer is from about 15% to about 30% by volume, and wherein the scaffold layer has an average thickness of from about 25 to about 75 microns; and
(c) a hydrophilic support fabric.
2. The asymmetric forward osmosis membrane of claim 1 , wherein the polymeric membrane material is selected from the group consisting of cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate, cellulose proprianate, cellulose butyrate, cellulose acetyl propionate, cellulose diacetate, cellulose dibutyrate, cellulose tributyrate, and combinations thereof.
3. The asymmetric forward osmosis membrane of claim 1 , wherein the fabric support is selected from the group consisting of cotton, non-woven cellulose polyolefin blends, EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate) nonwoven cloths and screens, nonwoven polyester-polyolefin composites, nonwoven acrylic composites, and extruded hydrophilic porous membrane sheets having average pores greater than 0.1 microns.
4. An asymmetric forward osmosis membrane having three layers comprising:
(a) a skin layer made from polymeric material having a top surface as a rejection surface of the asymmetric forward osmosis membrane, and a bottom surface, wherein the density of the skin layer is greater than 50% polymer by volume;
(b) a microporous scaffold layer having a first surface bonded to the bottom surface of the skin layer and a second surface, wherein the scaffold layer is made from the same polymeric material as the skin layer and wherein the density of the scaffold layer is from about 15% to about 30% polymer by volume; and
(c) a support fabric having greater than 50% open area embedded in the scaffold layer.
5. The asymmetric forward osmosis membrane of claim 4 , wherein the skin layer has an average thickness of from about 8 to about 18 microns.
6. The asymmetric forward osmosis membrane of claim 4 , wherein the scaffold has an average thickness of from about 75 to about 150 microns.
7. The asymmetric forward osmosis membrane of claim 4 , wherein the support fabric is a monofilament mesh.
8. The asymmetric forward osmosis membrane of claim 7 , wherein the woven mesh is selected from the group consisting of polyester woven screens, polypropylene woven screens, woven acrylics woven nylon screens, and combinations thereof.
9. The asymmetric forward osmosis membrane of claim 4 , wherein the polymeric membrane material is selected from the group consisting of cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate, cellulose acetate proprianate, cellulose butyrate, cellulose acetyl propionate, cellulose diacetate, cellulose dibutyrate, cellulose tributyrate, and combinations thereof.
10. An immersion/precipitation process for making preparing a supported forward osmosis filtration membrane comprising:
(a) providing a porous nonwoven or woven support material having greater than 50% open area;
(b) applying a casting solution slurry onto a rotating drum to form a casting solution layer having a substantially uniform surface, wherein the casting solution comprises from about 70% to about 90% (by volume) of a solvent formulation and from about 10% to about 30% (by volume) of a polymeric solid material; and
(c) embedding the support fabric into the layer of casting solution by pulling the support into the layer;
(d) forming a skin layer with an air knife; and
(e) immersing the casting solution into a water bath to coagulate the polymeric material into a FO membrane backed with the support material.
11. The immersion/precipitation process for making preparing a supported forward osmosis filtration membrane of claim 10 , wherein the support fabric is selected from the group consisting of cotton, non-woven cellulose polyolefin blends, EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate) nonwoven cloths and screens, nonwoven polyester-polyolefin composites, nonwoven acrylic composites, and extruded hydrophilic porous membrane sheets having average pores greater than 0.1 microns.
12. The immersion/precipitation process for making preparing a supported forward osmosis filtration membrane of claim 10 , wherein the woven mesh is selected from the group consisting of polyester woven screens, polypropylene woven screens, woven acrylics woven nylon screens, and combinations thereof.
13. The immersion/precipitation process for making preparing a supported forward osmosis filtration membrane of claim 10 , wherein the polymeric membrane material is selected from the group consisting of cellulose acetate, cellulose triacetate, cellulose proprianate, cellulose butyrate, cellulose acetyl propionate, cellulose diacetate, cellulose dibutyrate, cellulose tributyrate, and combinations thereof.
14. The immersion/precipitation process for making preparing a supported forward osmosis filtration membrane of claim 10 , wherein the solvent formulation comprises a ketone, a dioxane and a short chain alcohol.