Method for removing sulfur dioxide, mercury, and nitrogen oxides from a gas stream
Methods for scrubbing gas streams to remove acid gases including sulfur dioxide, mercury-containing substances, and/or nitrogen oxides from the gas stream. The gas stream is contacted with a potassium-based sorbent effective for removing at least a portion of the acid gases. The partially cleaned gas stream is then contacted with an oxidant effective to remove at least a portion of the nitrogen oxides and/or mercury-containing substances after partially removing the acid gas substance.
1. A method of scrubbing a gas stream containing carbon dioxide, at least one acid gas substance, nitrogen oxides, and a mercury-containing substance, the method comprising:
contacting the gas stream with a first sorbent effective for removing at least a portion of the acid gas substance; and
after removing the portion of the acid gas substance, removing at least a portion of the nitrogen oxides and mercury-containing substance from the gas stream by contacting the gas stream with a re-circulating aqueous solution containing an oxidant, wherein the portion of the nitrogen oxides and mercury-containing substance is oxidized, captured, and completely removed from the gas stream by the aqueous solution to produce a gas stream flow free from the portion of the nitrogen oxides and mercury-containing substance.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the first sorbent is potassium-based.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the potassium-based first sorbent is selected from the group consisting of potassium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium hydroxide, and combinations thereof.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the potassium-based first sorbent is potassium hydroxide, and further comprising:
producing the potassium hydroxide from potassium chloride.
5. The method of claim 2 wherein the acid gas substance includes sulfur dioxide and the potassium-based first sorbent removes substantially all of the sulfur dioxide.
6. The method of claim 2 wherein the acid gas substance includes sulfur dioxide and the potassium-based first sorbent produces a reaction product from the sulfur dioxide, and further comprising:
oxidizing the reaction product; and
processing the oxidized reaction product to produce a product containing potassium sulfate.
7. The method of claim 2 wherein the gas stream is contacted with a scrubbing system that partially removes the acid gas substance before contacting the gas stream with the potassium-based first sorbent.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein the potassium-based first sorbent removes substantially all of the acid gas substance remaining after contact with the scrubbing system.
9. The method of claim 7 wherein the gas stream is contacted with a second sorbent from an injection system that partially removes the acid gas substance before contacting the gas stream with the scrubbing system.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein the potassium-based first sorbent removes substantially all of the acid gas substance remaining after contact with the scrubbing system.
11. The method of claim 2 wherein the gas stream is contacted with a second sorbent from an injection system that partially removes the acid gas substance before contacting the gas stream with the potassium-based first sorbent.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein the potassium-based first sorbent removes substantially all of the acid gas substance remaining after contact with the second sorbent.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein removing at least a portion of the nitrogen oxides and mercury-containing substance from the gas stream comprises removing at least a portion of the nitrogen oxides as a nitrogenous reaction product and further comprising:
converting the nitrogenous reaction product to ammonium nitrate.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein converting the nitrogenous reaction product to ammonium nitrate further comprises:
combining the nitrogenous reaction product with ammonia and carbon dioxide.
15. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
separating the mercury-containing substance from the oxidant, after contact of the oxidant with the gas stream, using mercury specific ion exchange resins.
16. The method of claim 1 wherein the oxidant in the aqueous solution is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen peroxide, sodium chlorate, sodium chlorite, sodium hypochlorite, sodium perchlorite, chloric acid/sodium chlorate, chloric acid, potassium chlorate, potassium chlorite, potassium hypochlorite, potassium perchlorite, potassium permanganate, and combinations thereof.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein the solution further includes an acid selected from the group consisting of nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and combinations thereof.
18. The method of claim 16 wherein the solution further includes an alkali.
19. The method of claim 18 wherein the alkali is selected from the group consisting of caustic soda, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, and combinations thereof.
20. The method of claim 16 wherein the solution further includes metal ions.
21. The method of claim 1 wherein the acid gas substance includes compounds of SO x , NO x , HCl, HF, H 2 S, and combinations thereof.
22. The method of claim 1 further comprising:
contacting the gas stream with a final wash effective to remove any byproducts from reactions between the oxidant and the gas stream.