Water-miscible conductive ink for use in enzymatic electrochemical-based sensors
A water-miscible conductive ink for use in enzymatic electrochemical-based sensors includes a conductive material, an enzyme, a mediator and a binding agent. The conductive material, enzyme, mediator, and binding agent are formulated as a water-miscible aqueous-based dispersion wherein the binding agent becomes operatively water-insoluble upon drying.
1. A water-miscible conductive ink for use in an enzymatic electrochemical-based sensor, the water-miscible conductive ink comprising a water-miscible aqueous-based uniform dispersion of:
a conductive material;
an enzyme;
a mediator; and
a binding agent,
wherein the binding agent becomes operatively water-insoluble upon drying of the water-miscible conductive ink, and
wherein the binding agent is present as a continuous phase in the water-miscible aqueous-based uniform dispersion.
2. The water miscible conductive ink of claim 1 , wherein the conductive material is a finely divided conductive particle material.
3. The water miscible conductive ink of claim 2 , wherein the finely divided conductive particle material is at least one of a carbon black material, a graphite material, a platinum particle material, a platinized carbon material a gold particle material, a platinum/palladium alloy particle material, a palladium particle material, a ruthenium particle material, or a cerium particle material.
4. The water miscible conductive ink of claim 1 , wherein the enzyme is a glucose oxidizing enzyme.
5. The water miscible conductive ink of claim 4 , wherein the glucose oxidizing enzyme is glucose oxidase.
6. The water miscible conductive ink of claim 4 , wherein the glucose oxidizing enzyme is pyrrolo-quinoline-quinone (PQQ) glucose dehydrogenase.
7. The water miscible conductive ink of claim 1 , wherein the mediator is ferrocene.
8. The water miscible conductive ink of claim 1 , wherein the mediator is ferricyanide.
9. The water miscible conductive ink of claim 1 , wherein the mediator is a polymeric mediator.
10. The water miscible conductive ink of claim 1 , wherein the binding agent includes a resin polymer and a counter ion.
11. The water miscible conductive ink of claim 10 , wherein the counter ion is a volatile counter ion.
12. The water miscible conductive ink of claim 1 , wherein the binding agent includes a resin polymer and a water-miscible organic co-solvent that is removed from the water-miscible conductive ink upon drying of the water-miscible conductive ink.
13. The water miscible conductive ink of claim 12 , wherein the water-miscible organic co-solvent is at least one of alcohols, glycol ethers, methyl carbitol, butyl carbitol, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol diacetate, diacetone alcohol, and triethyl phosphate.
14. The water miscible conductive ink of claim 1 , further including a water-miscible co-solvent.
15. The water miscible conductive ink of claim 1 , wherein the mediator is tetrathiafulvalene/tetracyanoquinodomethane.
16. The water miscible conductive ink of claim 1 , wherein the binding agent includes at least one of a copolymer of polystyene-co-maleic anhydride, a hydrolyzed copolymer of polystyene-co-maleic anhydride, a copolymer of polystyene-co-maleic anhydride which is partially hydrolyzed, a partially esterified copolymer of polystyene-co-maleic anhydride, and a phosphoric acid functional polymer derived by the reaction of phosphoric acid with epoxy resin.
17. The water miscible conductive ink of claim 1 , wherein the binding agent contains a copolymer of at least one of an acrylic acid monomer, a methacrylic acid monomer, an itaconic acid monomer, a maleic acid monomer, and at least one of a methyl methacrylate monomer, a styrene monomer, an ethyl acrylate monomer, an isopropyl acrylate monomer, a butyl acrylate monomer, an acrylonitrile monomer, a methyl styrene monomer, a vinyl beuzoate monomer, an acrylamide monomer, and a hydroxymethyl methacrylate monomer.