Photoluminescent silica-based sensors and methods of use
Sensor particles comprise a silica-based core and at least one photoluminescent dye. The silica-based core may comprise a plurality of pores and the at least one photoluminescent dye may comprise a reference dye, insensitive to its environment and analytes and a sensor dye, sensitive to either or both of the foregoing. The sensor particles may be employed to sense unknown environmental conditions or analytes in biological or non-biological systems, in vitro or in vivo.
1. A silica-based particle comprising a silica-based core and two or more photoluminescent dyes, the two or more photoluminescent dyes comprising at least one reference dye and at least one sensor dye, wherein:
(a) the reference dye and the sensor dye are chemically different dyes,
(b) the reference dye and the sensor dye are separated in different compartments of the nanoparticle or are located within the same compartment of the nanoparticle, and
(c) at least one of the reference dye and the sensor dye is covalently bonded to the silica-based core,
said reference dye exhibiting a relatively constant photon emission and said sensor dye exhibiting different photon emissions in different environments or at different concentrations of an analyte present therein.
2. The silica-based particle of claim 1 , wherein the silica-based particle is a nanoparticle.
3. The silica-based particles of claim 1 , wherein the silica-based particle comprises pores having diameters ranging from about 0.1 nm to about 100.0 nm.
4. The silica particle of claim 1 , wherein one of the reference and sensor dyes comprises between about 1.0 and about 1000.0 dye molecules and the reference and sensor dyes emit photons in response to a single excitation source emitting at a single predetermined wavelength.
5. The silica-based particle of claim 1 , wherein the reference dye is positioned within the core and the sensor dye is positioned on at least a portion of a surface of the silica-based particle.
6. The silica-based particle of claim 1 , wherein the reference and sensor dyes are positioned on or over the core.
7. The silica-based particle of claim 1 , further comprising a silica-based shell surrounding the core, wherein the reference dye is positioned within the core and the silica-based shell is interposed between the reference dye and the sensor dye.
8. The silica-based particle of claim 1 , wherein the reference and sensor dyes emit photons in response to a single excitation source emitting at a single predetermined wavelength.
9. The silica-based particle of claim 1 , wherein peak wavelengths of the reference and sensor dyes in response to photon exposure are separated by a sufficient gap to individually discern the emission peaks.
10. The silica-based particle of claim 1 , wherein exposure of the reference or sensor dye to photon excitation results in infra-red or near infra-red emissions.
11. The silica particle of claim 1 , wherein the sensor dye is responsive to at least one of pH, the presence and concentration of ions and chemical or biochemical analytes.
12. The silica-based particle of claim 1 , further comprising a surface modifier that exhibits preferential interaction with a target analyte.
13. The silica particle of claim 1 , further comprising a therapeutic agent responsive to a disease state or injury.
14. A photoluminescent nanoparticle comprising a porous silica-based core, a silica-based shell surrounding at least a portion of the core and two or more photoluminescent dyes, wherein the two or more photoluminescent dyes comprise at least one reference dye and at least one sensor dye, wherein the reference dye and the sensor dye are chemically different dyes, with the reference dye positioned in the core and the silica-based shell interposed between the reference dye and the sensor dye, said reference dye exhibiting a relatively constant photon emission and said sensor dye exhibiting different photon emissions in different environments or at different concentrations of an analyte present therein.
15. The photoluminescent nanoparticle of claim 14 , wherein at least one of the pores includes a diameter between about 0.1 nanometers to about 100.0 nanometers.
16. The photoluminescent nanoparticle of claim 14 , wherein a diameter of the nanoparticle is between about 1.0 and 250.0 nanometers.