Broadband techniques to reduce the effects of impedance mismatch in plasma chambers
A plasma generator system for reducing the effects of impedance mismatch. The system has a variable frequency source having an output for emitting an RF signal. A plasma chamber has an input for receiving the RF signal. The variable frequency source modulates at least one of the frequency and phase of the RF signal to improve the system tolerance of impedance mismatches between the output of the variable frequency source and the input of the plasma chamber.
1. An RF generator system, comprising:
a variable frequency source for generating a RF signal for application to a plasma chamber, the RF signal primarily having a particular frequency; and
a modulation stage controlling the variable frequency source, the modulation stage configured to generate a signal to vary a frequency modulation of the RF signal, the modulation stage varying the frequency modulation of the RF signal during operation, to vary the energy applied to the plasma about the particular frequency, the modulation stage varying the frequency modulation of the RF signal to prevent an impedance mismatch, thereby preventing the plasma from extinguishing during operation; and
a RF coupling detector having an output signal that varies in accordance with the RF coupling between the output of the variable frequency source and an input to the plasma chamber.
2. The system of claim 1 wherein the variable frequency source comprises a variable frequency oscillator having an output connected to an RF amplifier, the output of the RF amplifier generating the RF signal.
3. The system of claim 1 wherein the RF coupling detector determines the RF coupling in accordance with a standing wave ratio.
4. The system of claim 1 wherein the RF coupling detector determines the degree of RF coupling by comparing the RF signal generated by the variable frequency source to the RF energy from the plasma chamber.
5. The system of claim 1 wherein the frequency modulation includes one of direct spreading (DS), frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS), narrow band FM (NFM), and wide band FM (WFM).
6. The system of claim 1 wherein the variable frequency source includes a variable amplifier and the modulation stage that generates an amplitude modulation signal for modulating the amplitude of the RF signal.
7. The system of claim 6 wherein the frequency modulation and the amplitude modulation effect quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) of the RF signal.
8. The system of claim 1 wherein the variable frequency source includes a phase controller, and the modulation stage generates a phase modulation signal for varying the phase modulation of the RF signal.
9. The system of claim 1 wherein the RF signal is modulated to generate a broadband energy applied to the plasma chamber.
10. The system of claim 1 wherein the modulation stage varies a phase modulation of the RF signal during operation, to vary the energy applied to the plasma about the particular frequency, the modulation stage varying the phase modulation of the RF signal to prevent an impedance mismatch, thereby preventing the plasma from extinguishing during operation.
11. The system of claim 10 wherein the frequency modulation or the phase modulation is MSK over a frequency spectrum from 13.5 MHz to 14 MHz with a 500 KHz modulation frequency.
12. The system of claim 10 wherein the frequency modulation or the phase modulation is MSK over a frequency spectrum from 12.5 MHz to 15 MHz with a 2.5 MHz modulation frequency.
13. The system of claim 10 wherein the RF signal ignites a plasma in the plasma chamber, wherein the frequency modulation or the phase modulation varies to sustain the plasma.
14. The system of claim 10 wherein the frequency modulation or phase modulation includes one of direct spreading (DS), frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS), narrow band FM (NFM), wide band FM (WFM), frequency shift keying (FSK), minimum shift keying (MSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), and binary phase shift keying (BPSK) of the RF signal.
15. An RF generator system, comprising:
a variable frequency source for generating a RF signal for application to a plasma chamber, the RF signal primarily operating at a particular frequency; and
a frequency modulation signal generator controlling the variable frequency source, the frequency modulation signal generator generating a frequency modulation signal, the frequency modulation signal causing the RF signal to frequency modulate at a frequency about the particular frequency, the frequency modulation signal generator varying the frequency modulation of the RF signal during operation to prevent an impedance mismatch, and thereby preventing the plasma from extinguishing during operation; and
a RF coupling detector that determines the RF coupling between an output of the variable frequency source and an input to the plasma chamber.
16. The system of claim 15 wherein the variable frequency source comprises a variable frequency oscillator having an output connected to an RF amplifier, the output of the RF amplifier generating the RF signal.
17. The system of claim 15 wherein the RF coupling detector determines the RF coupling in accordance with a standing wave ratio.
18. The system of claim 17 wherein the RF coupling detector determines the degree of RF coupling by comparing the RF signal generated by the variable frequency source to the RF energy from the plasma chamber.
19. The system of claim 7 wherein the frequency of the variable frequency source remains constant while the RF coupling with the plasma chamber is greater than a predetermined threshold.
20. The system of claim 17 wherein the magnitude of modulation increases as the RF coupling with the plasma chamber decreases.
21. The system of claim 17 wherein the period of modulation decreases as the RF coupling with the plasma chamber decreases.
22. The system of claim 15 wherein the frequency modulation signal generator selects from one of a predetermined number of frequencies about the particular frequency to cause the RF signal vary about the particular frequency.
23. The system of claim 15 wherein the frequency modulation signal generator causes the RF signal to have a frequency varying about the particular frequency so as to define an area about the particular frequency that maintains sufficient energy to sustain a plasma in the plasma chamber.
24. The system of claim 23 wherein the energy is a broadband energy about the particular frequency.
25. The system of claim 15 wherein the frequency modulation signal provides a frequency modulation mode of operation about the particular frequency.
26. The system of claim 15 wherein the variable frequency source includes a phase controller, and the frequency modulation signal generator generates a phase modulation signal for varying the phase of the RF signal.
27. The system of claim 15 wherein the frequency modulation signal generator varies a phase modulation of the RF signal during operation, to vary the energy applied to the plasma about the particular frequency, the frequency modulation signal generator varying the phase modulation of the RF signal to prevent an impedance mismatch, thereby preventing the plasma from extinguishing during operation.
28. The system of claim 27 wherein the frequency modulation or phase modulation includes one of direct spreading (DS), frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS), narrow band FM (NFM), wide band FM (WFM), frequency shift keying (FSK), minimum shift keying (MSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), and binary phase shift keying (BPSK) of the RF signal.
29. An RF generator system, comprising:
a variable frequency source for generating a RF signal for application to a plasma chamber, the RF signal primarily having a particular frequency;
a modulation module controlling the variable frequency source and configured to generate a signal to vary a frequency modulation of the RF signal, the modulation module varying the frequency modulation of the RF signal about the particular frequency during operation, the modulation module varying the frequency modulation of the RF signal to prevent an impedance mismatch and preventing the plasma from extinguishing; and
a RF coupling detector having an output signal that varies in accordance with the RF coupling between an output of the variable frequency source and an input to the plasma chamber,
wherein the frequency modulation spreads the energy of the RF signal about the particular frequency.
30. The system of claim 29 wherein the variable frequency source comprises a variable frequency oscillator having an output connected to an RF amplifier, the output of the RF amplifier generating the RF signal.
31. The system of claim 29 wherein the frequency modulation includes one of direct spreading (DS), frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS), narrow band FM (NFM), and wide band FM (WFM).
32. The system of claim 29 wherein the variable frequency source includes a variable amplifier and the modulation module generates an amplitude modulation signal for modulating the amplitude of the RF signal.
33. The system of claim 32 wherein the frequency modulation and the amplitude modulation effect quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) of the RF signal.
34. The system of claim 29 wherein the RF signal is modulated to generate a broadband energy applied to the plasma chamber.
35. The system of claim 29 wherein the modulation module varies a phase modulation of the RF signal during operation, to vary the energy applied to the plasma about the particular frequency, the modulation module varying the phase modulation of the RF signal to prevent an impedance mismatch, thereby preventing the plasma from extinguishing during operation.
36. The system of claim 35 wherein the frequency modulation or the phase modulation is MSK over a frequency spectrum from 13.5 MHz to 14 MHz with a 500 KHz modulation frequency.
37. The system of claim 35 wherein the frequency modulation or the phase modulation is MSK over a frequency spectrum from 12.5 MHz to 15 MHz with a 2.5 MHz modulation frequency.
38. The system of claim 35 wherein the variable frequency source includes a phase controller, and the modulation module generates a phase modulation signal for varying the phase modulation of the RF signal.
39. The system of claim 38 wherein the frequency and phase of the variable frequency source remains constant while the RF coupling is greater than a predetermined threshold.
40. The system of claim 35 wherein the RF signal ignites a plasma in the plasma chamber, wherein the frequency modulation or the phase modulation varies to sustain the plasma.
41. The system of claim 35 wherein the frequency modulation or phase modulation includes one of direct spreading (DS), frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS), narrow band FM (NFM), wide band FM (WFM), frequency shift keying (FSK), minimum shift keying (MSK), quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), and binary phase shift keying (BPSK) of the RF signal.