Dark quenchers for donor-acceptor energy transfer

1. A quencher of excited state energy having a structure comprising a first radical, a second radical and a third radical, wherein said first radical, said second radical and said third radical are each independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and combinations thereof, wherein said first radical is covalently attached to said second radical through an azo bond and said second radical is covalently attached to said third radical through an azo bond, wherein at least one of said first radical, said second radical and said third radical is aryl substituted with an alkoxy moiety, wherein said quencher is bound to a solid support through a linking group wherein said solid support is a member selected from a resin, glass, and a functionalized membrane.

2. The quencher of excited state energy according to claim 1 , wherein said linking group is a member selected from substituted or unsubstituted C 6 –C 30 alkyl groups, polyols, polyethers, polyamines, polyamino acids, polysaccharides and combinations thereof.

3. The quencher of excited state energy according to claim 1 , in which said first radical attached to said second radical through said azo bond forms a moiety having a formula which is a member selected from:

4. The quencher of excited state energy according to claim 3 , having a formula which is a member selected from:

in which

R 3 is a member selected from substituted and unsubstituted aryl, substituted and unsubstituted heteroaryl and substituted and unsubstituted unsaturated alkyl; and

Y′ is a linking group, said linking group covalently binding R 3 to said solid support.

5. The quencher of excited state energy according to claim 4 , wherein R 3 is substituted aryl.

6. The quencher of excited state energy according to claim 4 wherein R 3 Y′ has the formula:

wherein

L is said linking group; and

SS is said solid support.

7. The quencher of excited state energy according to claim 4 , wherein said linking group comprises the moiety:

8. The quencher according to claim 1 , wherein said solid support is a resin, and said resin is a peptide synthesis resin.

9. The quencher according to claim 8 , wherein said peptide synthesis resin is a member selected from alkoxybenzyl alcohol resin, aminomethyl resin, aminopolystyrene resin, and benzhydrylamine resin.

10. The quencher according to claim 1 , wherein said solid support is a glass, and said glass is controlled pore glass.

11. The quencher of excited state energy according to claim 1 , further comprising a nucleic acid covalently attached to said quencher.

12. A quencher of excited state energy having a structure comprising a first radical, a second radical and a third radical, R 3, said quencher having a formula which is a member selected from:

wherein

R 3 is an aryl moiety substituted with an alkoxy group; and

Y′ is a member selected from a solid support, and a linker group covalently binding R 3 to said solid support

wherein

said solid support is a member selected from a resin, glass, and a functionalized membrane.

13. A quencher of excited state energy having the formula:

wherein

R 5 , R 6 and R 7 are members independently selected from —NR′R″, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, nitro, substituted or unsubstituted C 1 –C 6 alkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted C 1 –C 6 alkoxy;

R′ and R″are members independently selected from H and substituted or unsubstituted C 1 –C 6 alkyl;

Y is a reactive functional group;

Y′ is a member selected from a solid support, and a linker group covalently binding said quencher to said solid support

wherein

said solid support is a member selected from a resin, glass, and a functionalized membrane;

n is 0 or 1;

a is an integer from 0 to 4, such that when a is greater than 1, the R5 groups are the same or different;

b is an integer from 0 to 4, such that when (v×b) is greater than 1, the R 6 groups are the same or different;

c is a number from 0 to 5, inclusive, such that when c is greater than 1, the R 7 groups are the same or different; and

v is a number from 1 to 10, inclusive, such that when v is greater than 1, the value of b on each of the b phenyl rings is the same or different.

14. The quencher according to claim 13 , wherein R 6 and R 7 are members selected from substituted or unsubstituted C 1 –C 6 alkyl and substituted or unsubstituted C 1 –C 6 alkoxy.

15. The quencher according to claim 13 , wherein R 6 and R 7 are substituted or unsubstituted C 1 –C 6 alkyl.

16. The quencher according to claim 13 , having the formula:

17. The quencher according to claim 16 , having the formula:

wherein

L is said linker group; and

SS is said solid support.

18. The quencher of excited state energy according to claim 13 , wherein said linker group comprises the moiety:

19. A quencher of excited state energy having a structure comprising a first radical, a second radical and a third radical, wherein said first radical, said second radical and said third radical are each independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, and combinations thereof, wherein said first radical is covalently attached to said second radical through an azo bond and said second radical is covalently attached to said third radical through an azo bond, wherein at least one of said first radical, said second radical and said third radical is aryl substituted with an alkoxy moiety, and wherein said quencher is bound to a solid support which is a member selected from a resin, glass, and a functionalized membrane.

20. The quencher of excited state energy according to claim 19 , wherein said quencher is attached to said solid support through a linking group.

21. The quencher of excited state energy according to claim 20 , wherein said linking group is a member selected from substituted or unsubstituted C 6 –C 30 alkyl groups, polyols, polyethers, polyamines, polyamino acids, polysaccharides and combinations thereof.

22. The quencher of excited state energy according to claim 19 , in which said first radical attached to said second radical through said azo bond forms a moiety having a formula which is a member selected from:

23. The quencher of excited state energy according to claim 22 , having a formula which is a member selected from:

in which

R 3 is a member selected from substituted and unsubstituted aryl, substituted and unsubstituted heteroaryl and substituted and unsubstituted unsaturated alkyl; and

Y′ is a member selected from said solid support and said linking group, said linking group covalently binding R 3 to said solid support.

24. The quencher of excited state energy according to claim 23 , wherein R 3 is substituted aryl.

25. The quencher of excited state energy according to claim 23 wherein R 3 Y′ has the formula:

wherein

L is said linking group; and

SS is said solid support.

26. The quencher of excited state energy according to claim 23 , wherein said linking group comprises the moiety:

27. The quencher according to claim 19 , wherein said solid support is a resin, and said resin is a peptide synthesis resin.

28. The quencher according to claim 27 , wherein said peptide synthesis resin is a member selected from alkoxybenzyl alcohol resin, aminomethyl resin, aminopolystyrene resin, and benzhydrylamine resin.

29. The quencher according to claim 19 , wherein said solid support is a glass, and said glass is controlled pore glass.

30. The quencher of excited state energy according to claim 19 , further comprising a nucleic acid covalently attached to said quencher.