Integrated reactors, methods of making same, and methods of conducting simultaneous exothermic and endothermic reactions
Integrated Combustion Reactors (ICRs) and methods of making ICRs are described in which combustion chambers (or channels) are in direct thermal contact to reaction chambers for an endothermic reaction. Superior results were achieved for combustion chambers which contained a gap for flee flow through the chamber. Particular reactor designs are also described. Processes of conducting reactions in integrated combustion reactors are described and results presented. Some of these processes are characterized by unexpected and superior results.
1. An integrated reactor, comprising:
a first reaction chamber having a width of 2 mm or less,
wherein there is an open path through the first reaction chamber,
wherein the first reaction chamber has an internal volume comprising 5 to 95 vol. % of porous catalyst and 5 to 95 vol. % of open space; and
a second reaction chamber having a width of 2 mm or less,
wherein there is an open path through the second reaction chamber,
wherein the second reaction chamber has an internal volume comprising a catalyst and at least 5 vol. % of open space; and
a reaction chamber wall separating the first chamber and the second chamber; and
wherein the integrated reactor possesses a heat flux characteristic of at least 1 W/cc as measured according to the Heat Flux Measurement Test; or wherein the integrated reactor possesses a NOx output characteristic of less than 100 ppm as measured according to the Standard NOx Test Measurement;
further comprising a fluid channel adjacent the second reaction chamber and a channel wall separating the fluid channel and the second reaction chamber wherein the channel wall comprises apertures along the length of the channel wall; and
wherein, during operation, air or oxygen flows through the fluid channel, a fuel flows through the second reaction chamber, and the air or oxygen in the fluid channel flows through the apertures into the second reaction chamber.
2. The reactor of claim 1 wherein the heat flux characteristic is obtained with a pressure drop of less than 12,500 Pa/cm.
3. The reactor of claim 1 wherein the second reaction chamber has an internal volume comprising 5 to 95 vol. % of porous catalyst and 5 to 95 vol. % of open space.
4. The reactor of claim 1 wherein the second reaction chamber comprises reaction chamber walls and a catalyst wash coated onto at least a portion of said reaction chamber walls.
5. The integrated reactor of claim 1 wherein the first reaction chamber comprises a bulk flow region comprising a cross-sectional area in the range of 5×10 −7 to 1×10 −4 m 2 .
6. The integrated reactor of claim 1 wherein the reaction chamber wall separating the first chamber and the second chamber has a thickness of 2 mm or less.
7. The integrated reactor of claim 1 wherein the reaction chamber wall separating the first chamber and the second chamber comprises projections and wherein the projections have a catalyst coating.
8. The integrated reactor of claim 1 comprising at least 5 layers of endothermic reaction chambers alternating with at least 4 layers of exothermic reaction chambers.
9. The integrated reactor of claim 1 wherein the porous catalyst comprises a pore volume and wherein at least 20% of the pore volume is composed of pores in the size range of 0.1 to 300 micrometers.
10. The integrated reactor of claim 1 wherein the porous catalyst comprises a pore volume and wherein at least 20% of the pore volume is composed of pores in the size range of 0.3 to 200 micrometers.
11. The integrated reactor of claim 1 wherein the porous catalyst comprises a pore volume and wherein at least 50% of the pore volume is composed of pores in the size range of 0.1 to 300 micrometers.
12. The integrated reactor of claim 1 wherein the porous catalyst comprises a pore volume and wherein at least 50% of the pore volume is composed of pores in the size range of 0.3 to 200 micrometers.
13. The integrated reactor of claim 1 wherein the integrated reactor possesses a heat flux characteristic of at least 10 W/cc as measured according to the Heat Flux Measurement Test.
14. The integrated reactor of claim 1 wherein the integrated reactor possesses a heat flux characteristic of at least 50 W/cc as measured according to the Heat Flux Measurement Test.
15. The integrated reactor of claim 1 wherein the integrated reactor possesses a heat flux characteristic of between 10 W/cc and about 120 W/cc as measured according to the Heat Flux Measurement Test.
16. The integrated reactor of claim 13 wherein the integrated reactor possesses a NOx output characteristic of less than 10 ppm as measured according to the Standard NOx Test Measurement.