Ultrafast sampler with coaxial transition
An ultrafast sampler includes a series of Schottky diodes configured with a coplanar waveguide to form a nonlinear transmission line (NLTL) that compresses a local oscillator input to form a series of strobe pulses. Strobe pulses of opposite polarity are capacitively coupled to sampling diodes to obtain samples of a signal applied to a signal input. The samples are directed along an intermediate frequency waveguide to, for example, a signal processor such as an oscilloscope, for storage and analysis. The intermediate frequency waveguide is configured so that conductors of the intermediate frequency waveguide receive signal samples of a common polarity and strobe samples of opposite polarities so that portions of strobe pulses delivered to a signal processor are distinguished from signal samples. In an embodiment, the intermediate frequency waveguide and the strobe waveguide are symmetrically situated along a common axis, and conductors of the strobe waveguide are positioned between the axis and the conductors of the intermediate frequency waveguide. The sampling circuit is defined on a GaAs substrate and a coaxial-to-airline-to-substrate transition is configured to deliver signals from a coaxial cable to the sampling circuit. A signal output is configured to direct the signal back into a coaxial cable.
1. A sampling circuit, comprising;
a substrate;
a first sampling diode and a second sampling diode defined on the substrate and in electrical communication with a signal input;
a strobe waveguide, defined on the substrate, that includes a first conductor and a second conductor configured to deliver corresponding strobe pulses of opposite polarity to the first sampling diode and the second sampling diode;
an intermediate frequency (IF) waveguide, defined on the substrate, and that includes a first conductor and a second conductor that are in electrical communication with the first sampling diode and the second sampling diode, respectively, and configured so that signal samples delivered to the first and second conductors by the first sampling diode and the second sampling diode are of the same polarity and strobe portions delivered to the first conductor and second conductor are of opposing polarity;
varactors configured with the strobe waveguide to form a nonlinear transmission line (NLTL); and
respective diodes that electrically connect the first conductor of the IF waveguide and the second conductor of the IF waveguide to the first conductor of the strobe waveguide and the second conductor of the strobe waveguide, respectively.
2. A sampling circuit, comprising;
a substrate;
a first sampling diode and a second sampling diode defined on the substrate and in electrical communication with a signal input;
a strobe waveguide, defined on the substrate, that includes a first conductor and a second conductor configured to deliver corresponding strobe pulses of opposite polarity to the first sampling diode and the second sampling diode; and
an intermediate frequency (IF) waveguide, defined on the substrate, and that includes a first conductor and a second conductor that are in electrical communication with the first sampling diode and the second sampling diode, respectively, and configured so that signal samples delivered to the first and second conductors by the first sampling diode and the second sampling diode are of the same polarity and strobe portions delivered to the first conductor and second conductor are of opposing polarity, wherein the conductors of the strobe waveguide and the conductors of the IF waveguide extend along a common axis.
3. The sampling circuit of claim 2 , wherein the conductors of the strobe waveguide are situated symmetrically about the common axis.
4. The sampling circuit of claim 3 , wherein the conductors of the intermediate frequency waveguide are situated symmetrically about the common axis.
5. The sampling circuit of claim 4 , wherein the conductors of the strobe waveguide are closer to the common axis than the conductors of the intermediate frequency waveguide.
6. A sampling circuit, comprising;
a substrate;
a first sampling diode and a second sampling diode defined on the substrate and in electrical communication with a signal input;
a strobe waveguide, defined on the substrate, that includes a first conductor and a second conductor, configured to deliver corresponding strobe pulses of opposite polarity to the first sampling diode and the second sampling diode;
an intermediate frequency (IF) waveguide, defined on the substrate, and that includes a first conductor and a second conductor that are in electrical communication with the first sampling diode and the second sampling diode, respectively, and configured so that signal samples delivered to the first and second conductors by the first sampling diode and the second sampling diode are of the same polarity and strobe portions delivered to the first conductor and second conductor are of opposing polarity; and
varactors configured with the strobe waveguide to form a nonlinear transmission line (NLTL), wherein the strobe waveguide and the IF waveguide are coplanar waveguides that are situated along a common axis.
7. The sampling circuit of claim 6 , wherein the IF waveguide and the strobe waveguide are situated symmetrically about a common axis.
8. The sampling circuit of claim 7 , wherein the substrate is GaAs.
9. A sampling circuit, comprising:
an input configured to receive an electrical signal;
a strobe waveguide situated along an axis;
an intermediate frequency waveguide situated along the axis; and
two sampling diodes that are in electrical communication with the strobe waveguide and the intermediate frequency waveguide and configured to direct samples of the electrical signal to the intermediate frequency waveguide in response to a strobe signal propagating on the strobe waveguide, wherein the strobe waveguide is configured to provide a strobe signal that propagates as an odd waveguide mode on the strobe waveguide and the sampling diodes are configured to direct samples of the electrical signal to the intermediate frequency waveguide for propagation as an even mode of the intermediate frequency waveguide.
10. The sampling circuit of claim 9 wherein the strobe waveguide and the intermediate frequency waveguide are coplanar waveguides.
11. The sampling circuit of claim 9 , further comprising a substrate on which the strobe waveguide, the intermediate frequency waveguide, and the sampling diodes are defined.
12. The sampling circuit of claim 9 , further comprising a plurality of varactors that, in combination with the strobe waveguide, form a nonlinear transmission line.
13. A sampling circuit that delivers signal samples to a sample output, the sampling circuit comprising a strobe waveguide and an intermediate frequency waveguide configured so that a local oscillator signal propagates on the strobe waveguide in a waveguide mode different from a waveguide mode in which the signal samples propagate on the intermediate frequency waveguide, wherein the strobe waveguide and the intermediate frequency waveguide are approximately symmetrical with respect to an axis.
14. The sampling circuit of claim 13 , wherein the local oscillator signal propagates as an odd mode on the strobe waveguide and the signal samples propagate as an even mode on the intermediate frequency waveguide.
15. A sampling circuit, comprising:
a GaAs substrate;
a coplanar strip strobe waveguide and a coplanar strip intermediate frequency waveguide that are situated symmetrically about a common axis on the GaAs substrate, wherein the strobe waveguide is situated between the intermediate frequency waveguide and the common axis;
a plurality of varactors configured with the strobe waveguide to form a nonlinear transmission line (NLTL);
capacitive couplers that connect corresponding conductors of the strobe waveguide and the intermediate frequency waveguide;
a signal input that includes a conductive puck; and
two sampling diodes situated to connect respective conductors of the intermediate frequency waveguide the signal input.
16. A sampling system, comprising:
a sampling circuit as recited in claim 15 ;
an airline that includes a central conductor in electrical communication with the conductive puck and an input and output connector adapters for connection to corresponding coaxial cables, the airline configured to have an impedance corresponding to an impedance of the coaxial cables;
a local oscillator source that provides an electrical signal to the nonlinear transmission line and, that in combination with the NLTL, produces sampling pulses of opposite polarity; and
a signal processor in communication with the intermediate frequency waveguide that receives a signal sample obtained from a signal applied to the airline, wherein the signal sample received from a first conductor of the intermediate frequency waveguide is combined with a strobe sample of a first polarity and the signal sample received from a second conductor of the intermediate frequency waveguide is combined with a strobe sample of a second polarity, opposite the first polarity.