Method to produce durable non-vitrified fly ash bricks and blocks
A method of making durable, non-vitrified masonry units comprising fly ash, the method comprising mixing fly ash comprising a minimum of 15% CaO by weight and no more than about 10% loss on ignition, water, and an air entrainment agent to form a fly ash mixture; compacting the fly ash mixture in a shaping device by applying pressure of at least 1000 psi to the fly ash mixture; and curing the compacted fly ash mixture to cause the mixture to harden and gain strength.
1. A method to produce durable, non-vitrified masonry units comprising fly ash, the method comprising:
mixing fly ash comprising a minimum of 15% CaO by weight and no more than about 10% loss on ignition, water and an air entrainment agent to form a fly ash mixture;
compacting the fly ash mixture in a shaping device by applying pressure of at least about 1000 psi to the fly ash mixture; and
curing the compacted fly ash mixture to cause the mixture to harden and gain strength.
2. A method as set forth in claim 1 wherein the CaO content and/or loss on ignition of the fly ash are adjusted prior to mixing the fly ash with water and an air entrainment agent, such that the CaO content of the fly ash is greater than 15% by weight and the loss on ignition of the fly ash is less than 10%.
3. A method as set forth in claim 2 wherein the CaO content of the fly ash is adjusted by adding Portland cement, lime, or another fly ash, so that the CaO content of the adjusted fly ash is more than 15% by weight.
4. A method as set forth in claim 2 wherein the loss on ignition is adjusted either by removing unburned carbon from the fly ash or by mixing fly ash that contains more than 10% loss on ignition with another fly ash that contains less than 10% loss on ignition, such that the adjusted fly ash has less than 10% loss on ignition.
5. A method as set forth in claim 1 wherein the fly ash-to-water ratio in the fly ash mixture is in accordance with a compaction retention limit.
6. A method as set forth in claim 1 wherein the compacted fly ash mixture is exposed to a wet environment selected from the group consisting of a steam room and a mist chamber, during curing.
7. A method as set forth in claim 1 wherein the shaping device is a mold.
8. A method as set forth in claim 1 wherein the shaping device is an extruder.
9. A method as set forth in claim 1 wherein the fly ash mixture consists essentially of the fly ash, the water and the air entrainment agent.
10. A method as set forth in claim 1 wherein the CaO content and loss on ignition of the fly ash are adjusted such that the CaO content of the fly ash is greater than 15% by weight and the loss on ignition of the fly ash is less than 10%.
11. A method as set forth in claim 1 wherein the amount of water in the fly ash mixture is no greater than that which would produce free water upon compaction of the fly ash mixture.
12. A method as set forth in claim 1 wherein the masonry units withstand at least 50 freeze/thaw cycles as determined in accordance with ASTM Standard C62.
13. A method as set forth in claim 11 wherein the masonry units withstand at least 50 freeze/thaw cycles as determined in accordance with ASTM Standard C62.
14. A method to produce durable, non-vitrified masonry units comprising fly ash, the method comprising:
mixing fly ash comprising a minimum of 15% CaO by weight and no more than about 10% loss on ignition, water and an air entrainment agent to form a fly ash mixture, wherein the amount of water in the fly ash mixture is no greater than that which would produce free water upon compaction of the fly ash mixture;
compacting the fly ash mixture under external force in a shaping device; and
curing the compacted fly ash mixture to cause the mixture to harden and gain strength.
15. A method as set forth in claim 14 wherein the CaO content of the fly ash is adjusted by adding Portland cement, lime, or another fly ash, so that the CaO content of the adjusted fly ash is more than 15% by weight.
16. A method as set forth in claim 15 wherein the loss on ignition is adjusted either by removing unburned carbon from the fly ash or by mixing fly ash that contains more than 10% loss on ignition with another fly ash that contains less than 10% loss on ignition, such that the adjusted fly ash has less than 10% loss on ignition.
17. A method as set forth in claim 14 wherein the fly ash-to-water ratio in the fly ash mixture is in accordance with a compaction retention limit.
18. A method as set forth in claim 14 wherein the fly ash mixture consists essentially of the fly ash, the water and the air entrainment agent.
19. A method as set forth in claim 14 wherein the CaO content and loss on ignition of the fly ash are adjusted such that the CaO content of the fly ash is greater than 15% by weight and the loss on ignition of the fly ash is less than 10%.
20. A method as set forth in claim 14 wherein the masonry units withstand at least 50 freeze/thaw cycles as determined in accordance with ASTM Standard C62.