Technique for applying direct resistance heating current to a specific location in a specimen under test while substantially reducing thermal gradients in the specimen gauge length
A technique for imparting direct resistance heating to a gauge length of a conductive metallic specimen under test and which can be used to add an independent dynamic thermal capability to a mechanical material test system. Specifically, a pair of, e.g., conductive collars, each of which encircles and abuts against a corresponding portion of the external surface of the specimen near an opposing end of its gauge length and inward of a corresponding grip. Each collar imparts additional self-resistive heat to the specimen along a circumferential collar/specimen interface. This additional heat appreciably reduces or cancels thermal gradients otherwise arising from self-resistive heating across the gauge length as well as compensates for thermal losses in each specimen end section. Through this arrangement, each specimen end section and the grips are not appreciably heated as the gauge length heats. The amount of additional heat is set by selecting a collar material to have a desired resistivity and also by appropriately dimensioning each collar.
1. Apparatus for direct resistance heating of a metallic object, the apparatus comprising:
first and second mechanical devices for securely holding the object along corresponding first and second attachment areas thereon; and
first and second conductive devices for making abutting electrical contact with the object along first and second contact areas, respectively, on a surface of the object and routing electrical self-resistive heating current through a gauge length of the object situated between the first and second contact areas so as to self-resistively heat the gauge length, the first and second conductive devices being situated on the object inward of the first and second attachment areas, respectively, and spanning the gauge length and within a region of the object bridged by the first and second attachment areas thereby defining first and second end sections of the object situated between the first and second attachment areas and the first and second contact areas, respectively; and
wherein said first and second mechanical devices are suitably configured such that the heating current flows between the first and second contact areas and through the gauge length and each of the first and second conductive devices has an appropriate pre-defined resistance and is suitably dimensioned such that for a specified amount of the heating current passing through the first and second conductive devices, the first and second contact areas and the gauge length, the first and second conductive devices self-resistively heat and impart additional heat to the object beyond that generated in the gauge length in order to produce a pre-defined thermal gradient across the gauge length but without self-resistively heating the first and second end sections of the object.
2. The apparatus in claim 1 wherein the object is a metallic specimen, and the first and second mechanical devices hold the specimen at opposing ends thereof and impart controlled amounts of compressive, tensile or torsional force to the specimen in order to deform the gauge length.
3. The apparatus in claim 2 wherein the first and second mechanical devices comprises jaws, chucks or clamps for use in a thermo-mechanical testing system.
4. The apparatus in claim 3 wherein each of the first and second conductive devices comprises a conductive collar or conductive clamp.
5. The apparatus in claim 4 wherein the resistance of each of the first and second conductive devices is higher than a resistance of the object.
6. The apparatus in claim 5 wherein the first and second mechanical devices are electrically conductive and are attached to the first and second conductive devices by first and second conductive elements, respectively, and where the first and second mechanical devices are electrically insulated from the object and along the first and second attachment areas such that the heating current is routed to the object via the first and second conductive elements and the first and second conductive devices but not through the first and second end sections.
7. The apparatus in claim 6 wherein each of the first and second conductive devices is manufactured from graphite.
8. The apparatus in claim 7 wherein the predefined thermal gradient is substantially zero.
9. The apparatus in claim 8 wherein each of the first and second conductive elements comprises at least one conductive strip.
10. The apparatus in claim 8 wherein each of the first and second conductive devices further comprises a cable connected, at one end, thereto to the first or second conductive device and with a second end of the cable being connected to a suitable power supply that provides the heating current.
11. The apparatus in claim 1 wherein each of the first and second conductive devices comprises a conductive collar or conductive clamp.
12. The apparatus in claim 11 wherein the resistance of each of the first and second conductive devices is higher than a resistance of the object.
13. The apparatus in claim 12 wherein the first and second mechanical devices are electrically conductive and are attached to the first and second conductive devices by first and second conductive elements, respectively, and where the first and second mechanical devices are electrically insulated from the object and along the first and second attachment areas such that the heating current is routed to the object via the first and second conductive elements and the first and second conductive devices but not through the first and second end sections.
14. The apparatus in claim 13 wherein each of the first and second conductive devices is manufactured from graphite.
15. The apparatus in claim 14 wherein the pre-defined thermal gradient is substantially zero.
16. The apparatus in claim 1 wherein the resistance of each of the first and second conductive devices is higher than a resistance of the object.
17. The apparatus in claim 16 wherein the first and second mechanical devices are electrically conductive and are attached to the first and second conductive devices by first and second conductive elements, respectively, and where the first and second mechanical devices are electrically insulated from the object and along the first and second attachment areas such that the heating current is routed to the object via the first and second conductive elements and the first and second conductive devices but not through the first and second end sections.
18. The apparatus in claim 17 wherein each of the first and second conductive devices is manufactured from graphite.
19. The apparatus in claim 18 wherein the pre-defined thermal gradient is substantially zero.
20. The apparatus in claim 19 wherein each of the first and second conductive devices further comprises a cable connected, at one end, thereto to the first or second conductive device and with a second end of the cable being connected to a suitable power supply that provides the heating current.
21. A method for use in direct resistance heating of a metallic object comprising the steps of:
securely holding the object, via first and second mechanical devices, along corresponding first and second attachment areas thereon; and
making abutting electrical contact, through first and second conductive devices, with the object along first and second contact areas, respectively, on a surface of the object and routing electrical self-resistive heating current through a gauge length of the object situated between the first and second contact areas so as to self-resistively heat the gauge length, the first and second conductive devices being situated on the object inward of the first and second attachment areas, respectively, and spanning the gauge length and within a region of the object bridged by the first and second attachment areas thereby defining first and second end sections of the object situated between the first and second attachment areas and the first and second contact areas, respectively; and
passing a specified amount of heating current through the first and second conductive devices so as to self-resistively heat the gauge length; and
wherein said first and second mechanical devices are suitably configured such that the heating current flows between the first and second contact areas and through the gauge length and each of the first and second conductive devices has an appropriate pre-defined resistance and is suitably dimensioned such that for the heating current passing through the first and second conductive devices, the first and second contact areas and the gauge length, the first and second conductive devices self-resistively heat and impart additional heat to the object beyond that generated in the gauge length in order to produce a pre-defined thermal gradient across the gauge length but without self-resistively heating the first and second end sections of the object.
22. The method in claim 21 wherein the object is a metallic specimen, and the method further comprises the steps of:
holding the specimen, via the first and second mechanical devices, at opposing ends thereof; and
imparting, through the first and second mechanical devices, controlled amounts of amounts of compressive, tensile or torsional force to the specimen in order to deform the gauge length.
23. The method in claim 22 wherein the pre-defined thermal gradient is substantially zero.