Dimeric IAP inhibitors
Molecular mimics of Smac are capable of modulating apoptosis through their interaction with cellular IAPs (inhibitor of apoptosis proteins). The mimetics are based on a monomer or dimer of the N-terminal tetrapeptide of IAP-binding proteins, such as Smac/DIABLO, Hid, Grim and Reaper, which interact with a specific surface groove of IAP. Also disclosed are methods of using these peptidomimetics for therapeutic purposes. In various embodiments of the invention the Smac mimetics of the invention are combined with chemotherapeutic agents, including, but not limited to topoisomerase inhibitors, kinase inhibitors, NSAIDs, taxanes and platinum containing compounds use broader language
1. A compound of formula (II):
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
wherein R1 and R2 are independently H, tert-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, acetyl, trifluoroacetyl, alkyl, optionally-substituted alkyl, or
where R5a and R5b are independently H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, or arylalkyl; or each optionally-substituted with hydroxyl, mercapto, halogen, amino, carboxyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, or alkylthio;
R6a and R6b are independently H, tert-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, acetyl, trifluoroacetyl, alkyl, lower alkyl, or optionally-substituted alkyl, or
where R7a and R7b are independently H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or haloalkyl;
R8a and R8b are independently H, hydroxyl, alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkylalkyl, wherein each alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkylalkyl is optionally-substituted with halogen, hydroxyl, mercapto, carboxyl, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, or nitro;
R3a and R3b are independently H, halogen, alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, amino, arylamino, arylalkylamino, hydroxy, alkyloxy, aryloxy, arylalkylhydroxy, dialkylamino, amido, sulfonamido, or amidino;
m and n are 1;
X and Y are independently N, or C═C;
R9a and R10a are linked by 4 to 8 optionally-substituted atoms such as C, N, O, or S, to form an aromatic ring;
R9b and R10b are linked by 4 to 8 optionally-substituted atoms such as C, N, O, or S, to form an aromatic ring;
Wa and Wb are a bond, alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, aryl, arylalkylene, arylalkylalkylene, or an optionally-substituted alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene chain of 2 to 12 carbon atoms; and
R11a and R11b are independently H, alkyl, optionally-substituted alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or alkoxyalkyl.
2. The compound of claim 1 of the formula (III):
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
wherein R1 and R2 are, independently, H, tert-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, acetyl, trifluoroacetyl, alkyl, optionally-substituted alkyl, or a compound of formula:
where R5a and R5b are independently H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, or arylalkyl; or each optionally-substituted with hydroxyl, mercapto, halogen, amino, carboxyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, or alkylthio;
R6a and R6b are independently H, tert-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, acetyl, trifluoroacetyl, alkyl, lower alkyl, or optionally-substituted alkyl, or a compound of formula:
where R7a and R7b are independently H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or haloalkyl;
R8a and R8b are independently H, hydroxyl, alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkylalkyl, wherein each alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkylalkyl, is optionally-substituted with halogen, hydroxyl, mercapto, carboxyl, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, or nitro;
R3a and R3b are independently H, halogen, alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, amino, arylamino, arylalkylamino, hydroxy, alkyloxy, aryloxy, arylalkylhydroxy, dialkylamino, amido, sulfonamido, or amidino;
m and n are 1;
X and Y are independently N, or C═C;
R12a, R12b, R13a, R13b, R14a, R14b are, independently, H, Cl, Br, F, alkyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, cyano, or CO 2 H;
Wa and Wb together are a bond, alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, aryl, arylalkylene, arylalkylalkylene, or an optionally-substituted alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene chain of 2 to 12 carbon atoms; and
R11a and R11b are independently H, alkyl, optionally-substituted alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or alkoxyalkyl.
3. The compound of claim 1 , wherein X and Y are identical, the substituents R1 and R2 are identical, the substituents R3a and R3b are identical, the aromatic ring formed by substituents R9a and R10a is identical to the aromatic ring formed by the substituents R9ba and R10b, and the substituents R11a and R11b are identical.
4. The compound of claim 1 , of formula (IV):
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
where R5a and R5b are independently H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, or arylalkyl; or each optionally-substituted with hydroxyl, mercapto, halogen, amino, carboxyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, or alkylthio;
where R7a and R7b are independently H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or haloalkyl;
R8a and R8b are independently H, hydroxyl, alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkylalkyl, wherein each alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkylalkyl is optionally-substituted with halogen, hydroxyl, mercapto, carboxyl, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, or nitro;
R3a and R3b are independently H, halogen, alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, amino, arylamino, arylalkylamino, hydroxy, alkyloxy, aryloxy, arylalkylhydroxy, dialkylamino, amido, sulfonamido, or amidino;
X and Y are independently N, or C═C;
m and n are 1;
R12a, R12b, R13a, R13b, R14a, R14b are independently H, Cl, Br, F, alkyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, cyano, or CO 2 H;
Wa and Wb are a bond, alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, aryl, arylalkylene, arylalkylalkylene, or an optionally-substituted alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene chain of 2 to 12 carbon atoms; and
R11a and R11b are independently H, alkyl, optionally-substituted alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or alkoxyalkyl.
5. The compound of claim 4 , wherein the alkyl or optionally-substituted alkyl of R5a and R5b independently is selected from methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or arylalkyl.
6. The compound of claim 4 , wherein R7a and R7b is independently selected from methyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, ethyl, fluoroethyl, and cycloalkyl.
7. The compound of claim 4 , wherein the optionally substituted alkyl of R5a and R5b is independently selected from alkoxylated and hydroxylated alkyls.
8. The compound of claim 1 , wherein R3a and R3b are independently selected from H, hydroxy, alkyloxy, aryloxy, alkylamino, dialkylamino, amido, sulfonamido, or amidino.
9. The compound of claim 2 , wherein R3a and R3b are independently selected from H, hydroxy, alkyloxy, aryloxy, alkylamino, dialkylamino, amido, sulfonamido, or amidino.
10. The compound of claim 2 , wherein the optionally substituted alkyl of R5a and R5b independently is selected from alkoxylated and hydroxylated alkyls.
11. The compound of claim 4 , wherein the optionally substituted alkyl of R5a and R5b independently is selected from alkoxylated and hydroxylated alkyls.
12. The compound of claim 4 , wherein R3a and R3b are selected from H, hydroxy, alkyloxy, aryloxy, alkylamino, dialkylamino, amido, sulfonamido, or amidino.
13. The compound of claim 1 , of formula (V):
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
where R5a and R5b are independently H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, or arylalkyl; or each optionally-substituted with hydroxyl, mercapto, halogen, amino, carboxyl, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, or alkylthio;
where R7a and R7b are independently H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or haloalkyl;
R8a and R8b are independently H, hydroxyl, alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkylalkyl, wherein each alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, or cycloalkylalkyl is optionally-substituted with halogen, hydroxyl, mercapto, carboxyl, alkyl, alkoxy, amino, or nitro;
R3a and R3b are independently H, halogen, alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, amino, arylamino, arylalkylamino, hydroxy, alkyloxy, aryloxy, arylalkylhydroxy, dialkylamino, amido, sulfonamido, or amidino;
m and n are 1;
R12a, R12b, R13a, R13b, R14a, R14b are independently H, Cl, Br, F, alkyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, cyano, or CO 2 H; and
Wa and Wb together are a bond, alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, aryl, arylalkylene, arylalkylalkylene, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkylene, or an optionally-substituted alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene chain of 2 to 12 carbon atoms; and
R11a and R11b are independently H, alkyl, optionally-substituted alkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or alkoxyalkyl.
14. The compound of claim 13 , wherein the optionally substituted alkyl of R5a and R5b independently is selected from alkoxylated and hydroxylated alkyls.
15. The compound of claim 13 , wherein R3a and R3b are selected from H, hydroxy, alkyloxy, aryloxy, alkylamino, dialkylamino, amido, sulfonamido, or amidino.
16. The compound of claim 2 , wherein X and Y are identical, the substituents R1 and R2 are identical, the substituents R3a and R3b are identical, the substituents R11a and R11b are identical, the substituents R12a and R12b are identical, the substituents R13a and R13b are identical and the substituents R14a and R14b are identical.
17. The compound of claim 4 , wherein X and Y are identical, the substituents R5a and R5b are identical, the substituents R7a and R7b are identical, the substituents R8a and R8b are identical, the substituents R3a and R3b are identical, the substituents R11a and R11b are identical, the substituents R12a and R12b are identical, the substituents R13a and R13b are identical and the substituents R14a and R14b are identical.
18. The compound of claim 13 , wherein X and Y are identical, the substituents R5a and R5b are identical, the substituents R7a and R7b are identical, the substituents R8a and R8b are identical, the substituents, the substituents R3a and R3b are identical, the substituents R11a and R11b are identical, the substituents R12a and R12b are identical, the substituents R13a and R13b are identical and the substituents R14a and R14b are identical.
19. The compound of claim 1 wherein Wa and Wb are either a bond, or
20. The compound of claim 3 wherein Wa and Wb are either a bond, or
21. The compound of claim 2 wherein Wa and Wb are either a bond, or
22. The compound of claim 16 wherein Wa and Wb are either a bond, or
23. The compound of claim 4 wherein Wa and Wb are either a bond, or
24. The compound of claim 17 wherein Wa and Wb are either a bond, or
25. The compound of claim 13 wherein Wa and Wb are either a bond, or
26. The compound of claim 18 wherein Wa and Wb are either a bond, or
27. The compound of claim 1 , selected from:
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
28. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 4 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
29. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 13 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
30. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 23 , or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
31. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 24 , or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
32. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 25 , or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
33. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 26 , or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
34. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 27 , or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.