Method of making tapered capillary tips with constant inner diameters
Methods of forming electrospray ionization emitter tips are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, an end portion of a capillary tube can be immersed into an etchant, wherein the etchant forms a concave meniscus on the outer surface of the capillary. Variable etching rates in the meniscus can cause an external taper to form. While etching the outer surface of the capillary wall, a fluid can be flowed through the interior of the capillary tube. Etching continues until the immersed portion of the capillary tube is completely etched away.
1. A method of forming a tapered tip on a capillary tube having an inner surface, an outer surface, an inner diameter, an outer diameter and an inner volume, the method comprising:
immersing a portion of the capillary tube into an etchant, wherein the etchant forms a concave meniscus on the outer surface of the capillary;
flowing a fluid through the inner diameter of the capillary tube while etching the capillary tube until the immersed portion is completely etched away;
wherein the inner diameter of the capillary tube is substantially constant and the outer diameter at the tip region is tapered.
2. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the inner and outer diameters are substantially equal at the orifice.
3. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the decrease in the outer diameter of the tapered tip is continuous.
4. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the angle of the taper is determined by the initial capillary outer diameter, the thickness of the wall between inner and outer capillary diameters, or both.
5. The method as recited in claim 4 , wherein the angle of the taper is greater than approximately 2 degrees.
6. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the capillary tube comprises a material selected from the group consisting of silica, stainless steel, polymers and combinations thereof.
7. The method as recited in claim 1 , further comprising filling the inner volume of the capillary tube with a porous monolithic material prior to immersing the capillary tube in the etchant.
8. The method as recited in claim 7 , wherein the filled capillary tube having a tapered tip is an ESI emitter tip.
9. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the fluid is selected from the group consisting of water, nitrogen gas, and combinations thereof.
10. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the etchant comprises a liquid selected from the group consisting of hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and combinations thereof.