Polymers comprising thieno [3,4-b]thiophene and methods of making and using the same
This invention presents polymers and copolymers comprising repeating units of thieno[3,4-b]thiophene. Water-borne dispersions of such polymers and copolymers can be cast by conventional methods to provide uniform, thin films which possess utility in numerous electroactive applications including electrochromic displays, optically transparent electrodes and antistatic coatings. The compositions of this invention can be doped with conventional p-dopants or n-dopants. The invention also presents an aqueous process for preparing such compositions of matter.
1. A substrate having polymerized thieno[3,4-b]thiophene deposited thereon.
2. The substrate of claim 1 , wherein the substrate comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of glass, organic polymers, indium tin oxide, plastic, silicon, minerals, semiconducting materials, ceramics, and metals.
3. The substrate of claim 2 , wherein the substrate comprises indium tin oxide.
4. The substrate of claim 1 , wherein the polymerized thieno[3,4-b]thiophene further comprises polymerized units selected from the group consisting of an electroactive monomer, a non-electroactive monomer, and a combination thereof.
5. The substrate of claim 4 , wherein the electroactive monomer is selected from the group consisting of thiophene, substituted thiophenes, substituted thieno[3,4-b]thiophenes, dithieno[3,4-b:3′,4′-d]thiophene, pyrrole, bithiophene, substituted pyrroles, phenylene, substituted phenylenes, naphthalene, substituted naphthalenes, biphenyl, terphenyl, substituted terphenyl, phenylene vinylene, and substituted phenylene vinylene.
6. The substrate of claim 4 , wherein the electroactive monomer is selected from the group consisting of
a substituted thieno[3,4-b]-thiophene represented by the formula:
wherein R is a C 1 to C 12 primary, secondary or tertiary alkyl group, phenyl, substituted phenyl, cyclohexyl, naphthalenic, hydroxyl, alkyl ether, carboxylic acid, carboxylic ester, or a sulfonic acid;
a substituted thiophene represented by the formula:
wherein x is a substituted C 1 -C 4 alkylene group, a C 1 -C 12 alkyl or phenyl substituted 1,2 ethylene radical, or a 1,2 cyclohexylene radical; and
a substituted thiophene represented by the formula:
wherein R 1 and R 2 are independently H, C 1 -C 4 alkyl groups, 1,2 cyclohexylene radical, phenyl, or substituted phenyl.
7. A dispersion comprising poly(thieno[3,4-b]thiophene), water, and at least one solvent.
8. The dispersion of claim 7 , wherein the poly(thieno[3,4-b]thiophene) further comprises polymerized units selected from the group consisting of an electroactive monomer, a non-electroactive monomer, and a combination thereof.
9. The dispersion of claim 8 , wherein the electroactive monomer is selected from the group consisting of thiophene, substituted thiophenes, substituted thieno[3,4-b]thiophenes, dithieno[3,4-b:3′,4′-d]thiophene, pyrrole, bithiophene, substituted pyrroles, phenylene, substituted phenylenes, naphthalene, substituted naphthalenes, biphenyl, terphenyl, substituted terphenyl, phenylene vinylene, and substituted phenylene vinylene.
10. The dispersion of claim 8 , wherein the electroactive monomer is selected from the group consisting of
a substituted thieno[3,4-b]-thiophene represented by the formula:
wherein R is a C 1 to C 12 primary, secondary or tertiary alkyl group, phenyl, substituted phenyl, cyclohexyl, naphthalenic, hydroxyl, alkyl ether, carboxylic acid, carboxylic ester, or a sulfonic acid;
a substituted thiophene represented by the formula:
wherein x is a substituted C 1 -C 4 alkylene group, a C 1 -C 12 alkyl or phenyl substituted 1,2 ethylene radical, or a 1,2 cyclohexylene radical; and
a substituted thiophene represented by the formula:
wherein R 1 and R 2 are independently H, C 1 -C 4 alkyl groups, 1,2 cyclohexylene radical, phenyl, or substituted phenyl.
11. The dispersion of claim 7 , wherein the dispersion further comprises poly(styrene sulfonic acid).
12. The dispersion of claim 7 , further comprising at least one dopant.
13. The dispersion of claim 12 , wherein the dopant comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of Na, K, Li, Ca, PF 6 , SbF 6 , and FeCl 3 .
14. The dispersion of claim 13 , wherein the dopant comprises FeCl 3 .
15. The dispersion of claim 7 , further comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of HCl, HNO 3 , H 2 SO 4 , H 3 PO 4 , HBr, HI, organic sulfonic acids, organic acid dyes, methane sulfonic acid, toluene sulfonic acid, polymeric sulfonic acids, carboxylic acids, and polycarboxylic acids.
16. The dispersion of claim 15 , wherein the member comprises organic sulfonic acids.
17. The dispersion of claim 15 , wherein the member comprises polycarboxylic acids.
18. The dispersion of claim 7 , wherein the dispersion further comprises at least one emulsion.
19. The dispersion of claim 7 , further comprising at least one additive selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, mannitol, propylene 1,3-glycol, butane 1,4-glycol, N-methyl pyrrolidone, sorbitol, glycerol, and propylene carbonate.
20. The dispersion of claim 7 , further comprising at least one conductive filler.
21. The dispersion of claim 20 , wherein the conductive filler comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of copper, silver, nickel, aluminum, and carbon.
22. The dispersion of claim 20 , wherein the conductive filler comprises carbon.
23. The dispersion of claim 7 , further comprising at least one non-conductive filler.
24. The dispersion of claim 23 , wherein the non-conductive filler comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of talc, mica, wollastonite, silica, clay, TiO 2 , dyes, and pigments.
25. The dispersion of claim 7 , further comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of antioxidants, surfactants, and UV stabilizers.
26. The dispersion of claim 25 , wherein the dispersion further comprises at least one surfactant.
27. The dispersion of claim 26 , wherein the surfactant comprises acetylenic diols.
28. The dispersion of claim 7 , further comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid, polymaleic acid, polystyrene sulfonic acid, a perfluorosulfonic acid polymer, and polyvinyl sulfonic acid.
29. The dispersion of 28 , wherein the member comprises a perfluorosulfonic acid polymer.
30. The dispersion of claim 28 , wherein the member comprises polysulfonic acid.
31. The dispersion of claim 7 , further comprising at least one acid having a molecular weight from 2,000 to 70,000.
32. The dispersion of claim 7 , wherein the dispersion can be applied to a substrate using ink jet printing, screen printing, roll to roll printing, spin coating, meniscus coating, dip coating, spray coating, brush coating, doctor blade coating, or curtain casting.