Method and apparatus for simultaneous detection and measurement of charged particles at one or more levels of particle flux for analysis of same
A charged particle detector and method are disclosed providing for simultaneous detection and measurement of charged particles at one or more levels of particle flux in a measurement cycle. The detector provides multiple and independently selectable levels of integration and/or gain in a fully addressable readout manner.
1. An apparatus comprising:
two or more detector elements operatively disposed for detecting and measuring different and/or separated charged particles, said detector elements each comprising a charge-collecting element operatively disposed to an amplifying circuit, wherein said amplifying circuit comprises an integrating amplifier operatively coupled to one or more integrating capacitors and individually selectable switching means providing multiple and independently selectable levels of integration and/or gain for each of said detector elements; and
whereby said detector elements are each independently selectable and addressable providing for simultaneous detection and measurement of said charged particles at one or more levels of particle flux in a measurement cycle.
2. An apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said charged particles are selected from the group consisting of ions, electrons, positrons, alpha particles, aerosols, droplets, particulates, or combinations thereof.
3. An apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said charged particles are net positive.
4. An apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said charged particles are net negative.
5. An apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said charge-collecting elements are disposed in an array.
6. An apparatus of claim 5 , wherein said array is a linear array.
7. An apparatus of claim 5 , wherein said array is a curvilinear array.
8. An apparatus of claim 5 , wherein said array is a 2-dimensional array.
9. An apparatus of claim 5 , wherein said array is a 3-dimensional array.
10. An apparatus of claim 5 , wherein said charge-collecting elements are composed of an electrically conductive material.
11. An apparatus of claim 10 , wherein said electrically conductive material is selected from the group consisting of alloy, single, mixed, layered, binary, or combinations thereof.
12. An apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said amplifying circuit is a charge-integrating amplifying circuit.
13. An apparatus of claim 12 , wherein said charge-integrating amplifying circuit is a capacitive transimpedance amplifying circuit.
14. An apparatus of claim 12 , wherein said charge-integrating amplifying circuit comprises two or more selectable charge-integrating capacitors.
15. An apparatus of claim 14 , wherein said charge-integrating capacitors are fixed capacitors.
16. An apparatus of claim 14 , wherein said charge-integrating capacitors are variable capacitors.
17. An apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a readout means operatively disposed for reading charges accumulated in said two or more detector elements.
18. An apparatus of claim 17 , wherein said readout means reads charges accumulated in said two or more detector elements simultaneously, sequentially, non-sequentially, selectively, randomly and/or independently, in parallel, non-destructively, destructively, or combinations thereof.
19. An apparatus of claim 17 , wherein the reading of charges by said readout means is non-destructive.
20. An apparatus of claim 17 , wherein the reading of charges by said readout means is destructive.
21. An apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a resetting means operatively disposed for discharging charges accumulated in each of said two or more detector elements providing zero net charge therein.
22. An apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a storage means for storing data representative of charges accumulated in each of said two or more detector elements.
23. An apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a switching multiplexer operatively disposed to a computing means for automated selection and operation of said switching multiplexer.
24. An apparatus of claim 23 , wherein said switching multiplexer is disposed discretely or as a hybrid with said two or more detector elements.
25. An apparatus of claim 23 , wherein said switching multiplexer is disposed monolithically or is fully integrated with said two or more detector elements.
26. An apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said switching multiplexer includes members selected from the group consisting of selectable switch, polarity switch, resetting switch, read-out switch, charge-integrating capacitor, or combinations thereof.
27. An apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said measurement cycle is a single measurement cycle.
28. An apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said measurement cycle is a repetitive or repeatable measurement cycle.
29. An apparatus of claim 1 , wherein said measurement cycle is a repeatable measurement cycle.