Sidewall derivatized carbon nanotubes
This invention is directed to chemical derivatives of carbon nanotubes wherein the carbon nanotubes have a diameter up to 3 nm. In one embodiment, this invention also provides a method for preparing carbon nanotubes having substituents attached to the side wall of the nanotube by reacting single-wall carbon nanotubes with fluorine gas and recovering fluorine derivatized carbon nanotubes, then reacting fluorine derivatized carbon nanotubes with a nucleophile. Some of the fluorine substituents are replaced by nucleophilic substitution. If desired, the remaining fluorine can be completely or partially eliminated to produce carbon nanotubes having substituents attached to the side wall of the nanotube. The substituents are dependent on the nucleophile, and preferred nucleophiles include alkyl lithium species such as methyl lithium.
1. A carbon nanotube having one or more substituents covalently bonded to a sidewall of the carbon nanotube, wherein the carbon nanotube has a diameter up to 3 nm, wherein the substituents arc selected from the group consisting of alkyl, acyl, aryl, aralkyl, halogen, substituted thiol, unsubstituted thiol, substituted amino, unsubstituted amino, hydroxy, and OR′, wherein R′ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, acyl, aryl, aralkyl, halogen, substituted thiol, unsubstituted thiol, substituted amino, unsubstituted amino, a linear carbon chain, and a cyclic carbon chain, and wherein the substituents are bonded to carbon atoms at defect-free sites on the sidewall of the carbon nanotube.
2. The carbon nanotube of claim 1 , wherein the substituent is the linear carbon or the cyclic carbon chain or both, and wherein the linear carbon chain or the cyclic carbon chain or both is substituted with at least one heteroatom.
3. The carbon nanotube of claim 1 , wherein the substituent is the linear carbon or the cyclic carbon chain or both, and wherein the linear carbon chain or the cyclic carbon chain or both is substituted with one or more of the group consisting of ═O, ═S, hydroxy, an aminoalkyl, an amino acid, and a peptide of 2-8 amino acids.
4. The carbon nanotube of claim 1 , wherein the substituents are alkyls or phenyls.
5. The carbon nanotube of claim 1 , further comprising metal complexed to at least one of the substituents.
6. The carbon nanotube of claim 5 , wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of Group VIB metals and Group VIIIB metals.
7. The carbon nanotube of claim 1 , wherein the carbon nanotube has a length from about 5 nm to about 10,000 nm.
8. The carbon nanotube of claim 1 , wherein the carbon nanotube has a length from about 5 nm to about 500 nm.
9. A product made by the process of covalently bonding one or more substituents to a sidewall of a carbon nanotube, wherein the carbon nanotube has a diameter up to 3 nm, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of alkyl, acyl, aryl, aralkyl, halogen, substituted thiol, unsubstituted thiol, substituted amino, unsubstituted amino, hydroxy, and OR′, wherein R′ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, acyl, aryl, aralkyl, halogen, substituted thiol, unsubstituted thiol, substituted amino, unsubstituted amino, a linear carbon chain, and a cyclic carbon chain, and wherein the substituents are bonded to carbon atoms at detect-free sites on the sidewall of the carbon nanotube.
10. A product made by the process comprising derivatizing carbon nanotubes by reacting carbon nanotubes with a compound containing a substituent to covalently bond the substituents to a sidewall of the carbon nanotubes, wherein substantially all of the carbon nanotubes have diameters up to 3 nm, wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of alkyl, acyl, aryl, aralkyl, halogen, substituted thiol, unsubstituted thiol, substituted amino, unsubstituted amino, hydroxy, and OR′, wherein R′ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, acyl, aryl, aralkyl, halogen, substituted thiol, unsubstituted thiol, substituted amino, unsubstituted amino, a linear carbon chain, and a cyclic carbon chain, and wherein the substituents are bonded to carbon atoms at defect-free sites on the sidewall of the carbon nanotube.
11. The product of claim 10 , further made by the process comprising complexing a metal to at least one of the substituents such that the product comprises complexed metal.
12. The product of claim 11 , wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of Group VIB metals and Group VIIIB metals.
13. A product made by the process comprising:
(i) fluorinating carbon nanotubes with a fluorinating agent to form fluorinated carbon nanotubes, wherein substantially all of the carbon nanotubes have a diameter up to 3 nm; and
(ii) reacting the fluorinated carbon nanotubes with a compound containing a substituent to form derivatized carbon nanotubes with substituents covalently bonded to carbon atoms of a sidewall of the carbon nanotubes, wherein the substituents are bonded to carbon atoms at defect-free sites on the sidewall of the carbon nanotube.
14. The product of claim 13 , wherein the fluorinating agent is selected from the group consisting of fluorine, XeF 2 , XeF 4 , ClF 3 , BrF 3 , IF 5 , AgF 2 , and MnF 3 .
15. The product of claim 13 , wherein the substituents are part of an organometallic compound before being covalently bonded to the sidewall of the carbon nanotubes.
16. The product of claim 15 , wherein said organometallic compound is a compound of an alkali metal, said compound having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms and said compound being selected from the group consisting of a substituted alkyl compound of the alkali metal, an unsubstituted alkyl of the alkali metal, a substituted aryl compound of the alkali metal, and an unsubstituted aryl compound of the alkali metal.
17. The product of claim 16 , wherein the alkali metal is sodium or lithium.
18. The product of claim 13 , further comprising removing residual fluorine from the fluorinated carbon nanotubes subsequent to bonding the substituent to the carbon nanotubes.
19. A product made by the process comprising:
(i) fluorinating carbon nanotubes with a fluorinating agent to form fluorinated carbon nanotubes, wherein substantially all of the carbon nanotubes have diameters up to 3 nm;
(ii) solvating the fluorinated carbon nanotubes; and
(iii) reacting the fluorinated carbon nanotubes with a compound containing a substituent to covalently bond the substituents to a sidewall of the carbon nanotubes, wherein the substituents are bonded to carbon atoms at defect-free sites on the sidewall of the carbon nanotube.
20. The product of claim 19 , wherein the fluorinating agent is selected from the group consisting of fluorine, ClF 3 , BrF 3 , IF 5 , XeF 2 , XeF 4 , AgF 2 , and MnF 3 .
21. The product of claim 19 , wherein the solvating comprises sonication.
22. The product of claim 19 , wherein the solvating comprises using a solvent selected from the group consisting of an alcohol, CHCl 3 , and dimethylformamide.
23. The product of claim 22 , wherein the solvating comprises the use of the alcohol and the alcohol is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, 2-propanol, 2-butanol, n-pentanol, n-hexanol, cyclohexanol and n-heptanol.