Methods for preventing or treating ischemia-reperfusion injury of the kidney
The invention provides a method of treating or preventing ischemia-reperfusion injury of the kidney in a mammal. The method comprises administering an effective amount of an aromatic-cationic peptide having at least one net positive charge; a minimum of four amino acids; a maximum of about twenty amino acids; a relationship between the minimum number of net positive charges (p m ) and the total number of amino acid residues (r) wherein 3p m is the largest number that is less than or equal to r+1; and a relationship between the minimum number of aromatic groups (a) and the total number of net positive charges (p t ) wherein 2 a is the largest number that is less than or equal to p t+1 , except that when a is 1, p t may also be 1.
1. A method for treating or preventing ischemia-reperfusion injury of the kidney in a mammal, the method comprising administering to the mammal an effective amount of a peptide having the formula selected from the group consisting of:
D-Arg-2′,6′-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH 2 ,
D-Arg-2′,6′-Dmt-Phe-Lys-NH 2 ,
D-Arg-Phe-Lys-2′,6′-Dmt-NH 2 ,
D-Arg-Phe-2′,6′-Dmt-Lys-NH 2 ,
D-Arg-Lys-2′,6′-Dmt-Phe-NH 2 ,
D-Arg-Lys-Phe-2′,6′-Dmt-NH 2 ,
Phe-Lys-2′,6′-Dmt-D-Arg-NH 2 ,
Phe-Lys-D-Arg-2′,6′-Dmt-NH 2 ,
Phe-D-Arg-2′,6′-Dmt-Lys-NH 2 ,
Phe-D-Arg-Lys-2′,6′-Dmt-NH 2 ,
Phe-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH 2 ,
Phe-2′,6′-Dmt-D-Arg-Lys-NH 2 ,
Phe-2′,6′-Dmt-Lys-D-Arg-NH 2 ,
Dmp-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH 2 ,
Lys-Phe-2′,6′-Dmt-D-Arg-NH 2 ,
Lys-2′,6′-Dmt-D-Arg-Phe-NH 2 ,
Lys-2′,6′-Dmt-Phe-D-Arg-NH 2 ,
Lys-D-Arg-Phe-2′,6′-Dmt-NH 2 ,
Lys-D-Arg-2′,6′-Dmt-Phe-NH 2 ,
D-Arg-2′,6′-Dmt-D-Arg-Phe-NH 2 ,
D-Arg-2′,6′-Dmt-D-Arg-2′,6′-Dmt-NH 2 ,
D-Arg-2′,6′-Dmt-D-Arg-Tyr-NH 2 ,
D-Arg-2′,6′-Dmt-D-Arg-Trp-NH 2 ,
Trp-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH 2 ,
Trp-D-Arg-Tyr-Lys-NH 2 ,
Trp-D-Arg-Trp-Lys-NH 2 ,
Trp-D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-NH 2 ,
D-Arg-Trp-Lys-Phe-NH 2 ,
D-Arg-Trp-Phe-Lys-NH 2 ,
D-Arg-Trp-Lys-Dmt-NH 2 ,
D-Arg-Trp-Dmt-Lys-NH 2 ,
D-Arg-Lys-Trp-Phe-NH 2 ,
D-Arg-Lys-Trp-Dmt-NH 2 ,
Cyclohexyl-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH 2 ,
Ala-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH 2 ,
Lys-D-Arg-Tyr-NH 2 ,
Trp-D-Lys-Tyr-Arg-NH 2 ,
Phe-Arg-D-His-Asp,
Met-Tyr-D-Lys-Phe-Arg (SEQ. ID. NO: 4),
D-His-Glu-Lys-Tyr-D-Phe-Arg (SEQ. ID. NO: 5),
Lys-D-Gln-Tyr-Arg-D-Phe-Trp-NH 2 (SEQ. ID. NO: 6),
Phe-D-Arg-Lys-Trp-Tyr-D-Arg-His (SEQ. ID. NO: 7),
Gly-D-Phe-Lys-Tyr-His-D-Arg-Tyr-NH 2 (SEQ. ID. NO: 8),
Val-D-Lys-His-Tyr-D-Phe-Ser-Tyr-Arg-NH 2 (SEQ. ID. NO: 9),
Trp-Lys-Phe-D-Asp-Arg-Tyr-D-His-Lys (SEQ. ID. NO: 10),
Lys-Trp-D-Tyr-Arg-Asn-Phe-Tyr-D-His-NH 2 (SEQ. ID. NO: 11),
Thr-Gly-Tyr-Arg-D-His-Phe-Trp-D-His-Lys (SEQ. ID. NO: 12),
Asp-D-Trp-Lys-Tyr-D-His-Phe-Arg- D-Gly-Lys-NH 2 (SEQ. ID. NO: 13),
D-His-Lys-Tyr-D-Phe-Glu-D-Asp-D-His-D-Lys-Arg-Trp-NH 2 (SEQ. ID. NO: 14),
Ala-D-Phe-D-Arg-Tyr-Lys-D-Trp-His-D-Tyr-Gly-Phe (SEQ. ID. NO: 15),
Phe-Phe-D-Tyr-Arg-Glu-Asp-D-Lys-Arg-D-Arg-His-Phe-NH 2 (SEQ. ID. NO: 17),
Phe-Tyr-Lys-D-Arg-Trp-His-D-Lys-D-Lys-Glu-Arg-D-Tyr-Thr (SEQ. ID. NO: 18),
Glu-Arg-D-Lys-Tyr-D-Val-Phe-D-His-Trp-Arg-D-Gly-Tyr-Arg-D-Met-NH 2 (SEQ. ID. NO: 20),
Arg-D-Leu-D-Tyr-Phe-Lys-Glu-D-Lys-Arg-D-Trp-Lys-D-Phe-Tyr-D-Arg-Gly (SEQ. ID. NO: 21),
D-Glu-Asp-Lys-D-Arg-D-His-Phe-Phe-D-Val-Tyr-Arg-Tyr-D-Tyr-Arg-His-Phe-NH 2 (SEQ. ID. NO: 22),
Asp-Arg-D-Phe-Cys-Phe-D-Arg-D-Lys-Tyr-Arg-D-Tyr-Trp-D-His-Tyr-D-Phe-Lys-Phe (SEQ. ID. NO: 23),
His-Tyr-D-Arg-Trp-Lys-Phe-D-Asp-Ala-Arg-Cys-D-Tyr-His-Phe-D-Lys-Tyr-His-Ser-NH 2 (SEQ. ID. NO: 24),
Gly-Ala-Lys-Phe-D-Lys-Glu-Arg-Tyr-His-D-Arg-D-Arg-Asp-Tyr-Trp-D-His-Trp-His-D-Lys-Asp (SEQ. ID. NO: 25), and
Thr-Tyr-Arg-D-Lys-Trp-Tyr-Glu-Asp-D-Lys-D-Arg-His-Phe-D-Tyr-Gly-Val-Ile-D-His-Arg-Tyr-Lys-NH 2 (SEQ. ID. NO: 26).
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the peptide is D-Arg-2′,6′-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH 2 .
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the peptide is Phe-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH 2 .
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the peptide is administered after ischemic injury to the kidney in order to treat the ischemia-reperfusion injury.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the peptide is administered prior to ischemic injury to the kidney in order to prevent the ischemia-reperfusion injury.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the peptide is D-Arg-2′,6′-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH 2 and is administered after ischemic injury to the kidney.
7. The method of claim 1 ,wherein the peptide is D-Arg-2′,6′-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH 2 or Phe-D-Arg-Phe-Lys-NH 2 and is administered to the mammal prior to ischemic injury to the kidney.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the peptide is administered orally, topically, intranasally, systemically, intravenously, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, or transdermally.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the peptide is combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier prior to administration to the mammal.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mammal is a human.