Method and apparatus using infrared photothermal radiometry (PTR) and modulated laser luminescence (LUM) for diagnostics of defects in teeth
There is provided a high-spatial-resolution dynamic diagnostic instrument which can provide simultaneous measurements of laser-induced frequency-domain infrared photothermal radiometric and alternating-current (ac) modulated luminescence signals from defects, demineralization, remineralization and caries in teeth intraorally. The emphasis is on the abilities of this instrument to approach important problems such as the detection, diagnosis and ongoing monitoring of carious lesions and or defects on the occlusal pits and fissures, smooth surfaces and interproximal areas between teeth which normally go undetected by x-ray radiographs or visual examination. The instrument is also able to detect early areas of demineralized tooth and or areas of remineralized tooth as well as defects along the margins of restorations. This capability of inspecting a local spot can be extended to a modulated imaging of sub-surface of target tooth by using a multi-array infrared camera. Two configurations of the instrument are presented.
1. A modulated imaging system for imaging dental tissue using modulated photothermal radiometry and luminescence, comprising:
a function generator configured to provide a modulation waveform;
at least one laser light source for irradiating a portion of a surface of a dental tissue with a beam of light of an effective wavelength, wherein laser light from said at least one laser light source is modulated according to said modulation waveform, and wherein modulated photothermal radiometric signals and modulated luminescence signals are responsively emitted from said portion of the surface;
a mid-infrared camera for imaging said modulated photothermal radiometric signals and generating photothermal images, wherein the generation of the photothermal images by said mid-infrared camera is triggered according to said modulation waveform;
a near-infrared camera for imaging said modulated luminescence signals and generating luminescence images, wherein the generation of the luminescence images by said near-infrared camera is triggered according to said modulation waveform; and
a computing device including a software-based lock-in amplifier, wherein said computing device is configured to:
collect, from said mid-infrared camera, a plurality of photothermal images during at least one modulation cycle of the modulation waveform, wherein the photothermal images are collected at a rate of at least four images per modulation cycle;
collect, from said near-infrared camera, a plurality of luminescence images during at least one modulation cycle of the modulation waveform, wherein the luminescence images are collected at a rate of at least four images per modulation cycle;
process the photothermal images with said software-based lock-in amplifier and demodulate the photothermal images into a photothermal phase image and a photothermal amplitude image; and
process the luminescence images with said software-based lock-in amplifier and demodulate the luminescence images into a luminescence phase image and a luminescence amplitude image.
2. The modulated imaging system according to claim 1 wherein said at least one laser light source includes a laser driver, and wherein said function generator is synchronized with said laser driver.
3. The modulated imaging system according to claim 1 wherein said near-infrared camera is an InGaAs camera, and said mid-infrared camera is an HgCdTe camera.
4. The modulated imaging system according to claim 1 further comprising beam expansion and focusing optics for adjusting a size of said beam of light incident on the dental tissue for adjusting a size of the area of dental tissue being imaged.
5. The modulated imaging system according to claim 1 further comprising a visible-wavelength camera for recording images of the dental tissue at wavelengths in a visible portion of the spectrum.
6. The modulated imaging system according to claim 5 wherein said visible-wavelength camera is a CCD (charge coupled device) camera sensitive in the visible portion of the spectrum.