Encoded particle having a grating with variations in the refractive index
Microparticles 8 includes an optical substrate 10 having at least one diffraction grating 12 disposed therein. The grating 12 having a plurality of colocated pitches Λ which represent a unique identification digital code that is detected when illuminated by incident light 24 . The incident light 24 may be directed transversely from the side of the substrate 10 with a narrow band (single wavelength) or multiple wavelength source, in which case the code is represented by a spatial distribution of light or a wavelength spectrum, respectively. The code may be digital binary or may be other numerical bases. The micro-particles 8 can provide a large number of unique codes, e.g., greater than 67 million codes, and can withstand harsh environments. The micro-particles 8 are functionalized by coating them with a material/substance of interest, which are then used to perform multiplexed experiments involving chemical processes, e.g., DNA testing and combinatorial chemistry.
1. An encoded particle, comprising:
a particle substrate having a grating with a superposition of different predetermined regular periodic variations of an index of refraction disposed in the particle substrate along a grating axis and indicative of a code.
2. An encoded particle as in claim 1 , wherein the particle substrate comprises a transparent dielectric material with the index of refraction in the dielectric material.
3. An encoded particle as in claim 1 , wherein the superposition is provided so as to correspond to the code, the code identifying the encoded particle.
4. An encoded particle according to claim 1 , wherein said particle substrate has an elongated shape and wherein said superposition of different regular periodic variations in the index of refraction occurs along a length of said particle substrate.
5. An encoded particle according to claim 1 , wherein the code is readable based on the grating altering a light signal transmitted through the particle substrate transverse to the grating axis.
6. An encoded particle according to claim 1 , wherein the superposition includes a combination of one or more individual sinusoidal spatial periods or pitches of refractive index variation along the particle substrate.
7. An encoded particle according to claim 1 , wherein at least a portion of said particle substrate is made of a substantially single material and has the grating embedded therein.
8. An encoded particle according to claim 7 , wherein said grating has a resultant refractive index variation within the single material at a grating location.
9. An encoded particle according to claim 1 , wherein the particle substrate provides an output optical signal that is a result of passive, non-resonant scattering from said grating when illuminated by said incident light signal.
10. An encoded particle of claim 1 , wherein said particle substrate is made of a material selected from the group: glass, silica, plastic, rubber, and polymer.
11. An encoded particle of claim 1 , wherein said code comprises a plurality of digital bits.
12. An encoded particle of claim 1 , wherein said code comprises at least 3 predetermined bits.
13. An encoded particle of claim 1 , wherein said code comprises at least 16 predetermined bits.
14. An encoded particle of claim 1 , wherein said code comprises a plurality of bits, each bit having a plurality of states.
15. An encoded particle of claim 1 , wherein said code comprises a plurality of bits, each bit having a corresponding spatial location and each bit in said code having a value related to an intensity of an output optical signal at the spatial location of each bit.
16. An encoded particle of claim 15 , wherein the value of each bit corresponds to a magnitude of refractive index variation of a corresponding refractive index pitch in said grating.
17. An encoded particle of claim 1 , wherein said particle substrate has a coating disposed on at least a portion of said particle substrate, at least a portion of said coating being made of a material that allows a sufficient amount of an incident light signal to pass through said material to allow detection of said code.
18. An encoded particle of claim 1 , wherein at least a portion of said particle substrate has a 3-D shape selected from the group: a cylinder, a sphere, a cube, and a pyramid.
19. An encoded particle of claim 1 , wherein said particle substrate has a grating region where said grating is located and a non-grating region where said grating is not located.
20. An encoded particle of claim 1 , wherein said grating is a thin grating or a blazed grating.
21. An encoded particle of claim 1 , wherein said grating includes a plurality of gratings.
22. An encoded particle of claim 1 , wherein each of said gratings has a different location within said particle substrate.