Enhanced bio-assays by using gradient nanotopgraphy
A system and method for using gradient nanotopography to increase mammalian cell attachment and cell confinement on surfaces. A surface platform consisting of a thin film of gold possessing a gradient of topography on the surface and self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiols presenting desired functional groups is formed. A gradient in the chemical properties is induced in the terminal groups of the monolayer because of the continuous increase in the surface area and the anisotropy of gold film structure. The gradient nanotopraphy provides simultaneous control of two key properties, the presentation of the terminal functional groups and a continuous increase in the surface density of functional groups on the surface. This control provides for drug screening assays using adherent cell-based experiments.
1. A method of forming a nanotopographic surface, comprising the steps of:
providing a substrate aligned along a first plane;
positioning a source for depositing a metal film on said substrate at a predetermined minimum angle of incidence to said plane of said substrate;
tilting said substrate to align said substrate along a second plane intersecting said first plane at a predetermined offset angle;
depositing a metal film on said substrate at said predetermined minimum angle of incidence to said substrate; and
forming a self-assembling monolayer on said metal film, wherein said self-assembling monolayer includes a squarate ester.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said metal film comprises gold.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein said predetermined minimum angle of incidence is thirty-seven degrees.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said source is further positioned to deposit metal film on said substrate at a predetermined maximum angle of incidence.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein said predetermined maximum angle of incidence is fifty-nine degrees.
6. A method of forming a nanotopographic surface, comprising the steps of:
providing a substrate;
positioning a source for depositing a metal film on said substrate at a predetermined minimum angle of incidence to said substrate;
depositing a metal film on said substrate at said predetermined minimum angle of incidence to said substrate; and
forming a self-assembling monolayer on said metal film, wherein said self-assembling monolayer includes a squarate ester.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein said squarate ester is a cyclic squarate ester having the following formula:
8. The method of claim 7 , further comprising the step of ligating said squarate ester to a protein including an N-terminus cysteine.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the step of ligating said squarate ester to a protein is performed in an aqueous buffer.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the squarate ester is ligated only to said N-terminus cysteine.