Methods of attaching or grafting carbon nanotubes to silicon surfaces and composite structures derived therefrom
The present invention is directed toward methods of attaching or grafting carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to silicon surfaces. In some embodiments, such attaching or grafting occurs via functional groups on either or both of the CNTs and silicon surface. In some embodiments, the methods of the present invention include: (1) reacting a silicon surface with a functionalizing agent (such as oligo(phenylene ethynylene)) to form a functionalized silicon surface; (2) dispersing a quantity of CNTs in a solvent to form dispersed CNTs; and (3) reacting the functionalized silicon surface with the dispersed CNTs. The present invention is also directed to the novel compositions produced by such methods.
1. A method comprising the steps of:
a) reacting a Si surface with a quantity of functionalizing agent to form a functionalized Si surface,
wherein the functionalizing agent comprises an oligo(phenylene ethynylene) comprising an aniline end and a diazonium end, and
wherein the reacting is carried out in the presence of HF so as to provide for a continual hydride passivation of the Si surface;
b) dispersing a quantity of CNTs in a solvent to form dispersed CNTs; and
c) reacting the functionalized Si surface with the dispersed CNTs to form a CNT-Si composite structure comprising CNTs molecularly grafted to the Si surface,
wherein during the reacting step, the aniline end of the oligo(phenylene ethynylene) is converted to a diazonium species by treatment with a converting species selected from the group consisting of inorganic nitrites, organic nitrites, alkyl nitrites, sodium nitrites, potassium nitrites, NOBF 4 , and combinations thereof.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Si surface is selected from the group consisting of (a) amorphous silicon; (b) crystalline silicon, having a crystalline surface selected from the group consisting of <100>, <111>, and combinations thereof; (c) polysilicon; and (d) combinations thereof.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of reacting the Si surface to form a functionalized Si surface is carried out in a solvent selected from the group consisting of aqueous solvents, organic solvents, supercritical solvents, and combinations thereof.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the quantity of CNTs comprises carbon nanotubes selected from the group consisting of multi-wall carbon nanotubes, single-wall carbon nanotubes, small diameter carbon nanotubes, double-wall carbon nanotubes, buckytubes, fullerene tubes, carbon fibrils, and combinations thereof.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least some of the CNTs are at least partially functionalized prior to the step of reacting them with the functionalized Si surface.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the partial functionalization of the CNTs facilitates the dispersing of the quantity of CNTs.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the CNTs are dispersed in a solvent selected from the group consisting of aqueous solvents, organic solvents, supercritical solvents, and combinations thereof.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein, during the dispersing step, a dispersal agent is used to facilitate said dispersing, wherein said dispersal agent is selected from the group consisting of surfactants, polymers operable for wrapping the CNTs, and combinations thereof.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of reacting the functionalized Si surface with the dispersed CNTs is done in a spatially predefined manner.
10. A method comprising the steps of:
a) reacting a Si surface with a quantity of functionalizing agent to form a functionalized Si surface,
wherein the functionalizing agent comprises an oligo(phenylene ethynylene) comprising an aniline end and a diazonium end, and
wherein the reacting is carried out in the presence of HF so as to provide for a continual hydride passivation of the Si surface; and
b) reacting the functionalized Si surface with CNTs to form a CNT-Si composite structure comprising CNTs molecularly grafted to the Si surface,
wherein during the reacting step, the aniline end of the oligo(phenylene ethynylene) is converted to a diazonium species by treatment with a converting species selected from the group consisting of inorganic nitrites, organic nitrites, alkyl nitrites, sodium nitrites, potassium nitrites, NOBF 4 , and combinations thereof.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the CNTs are dispersed in a solvent and reacted with the functionalized Si surface as dispersed CNTs.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the CNTs are reacted with the functionalized Si surface in the absence of solvent.
13. The method of claim 10 , wherein the Si surface is selected from the group consisting of (a) amorphous silicon; (b) crystalline silicon, having a crystalline surface selected from the group consisting of <100>, <111>, and combinations thereof; (c) polysilicon; and (d) combinations thereof.
14. The method of claim 10 , wherein the quantity of CNTs comprises carbon nanotubes selected from the group consisting of multi-wall carbon nanotubes, single-wall carbon nanotubes, small diameter carbon nanotubes, double-wall carbon nanotubes, buckytubes, fullerene tubes, carbon fibrils, and combinations thereof.