Image sensor with improved dynamic range and method of formation
Embodiments of the invention provide an image sensor having an improved dynamic range. A pixel cell comprises at least one transistor structure. The transistor structure comprises at least one semiconductor channel region, at least one gate for controlling the channel region, and first and second leads respectively coupled to a source region on one side of the at least one channel region and a drain region on an opposite side of the at least one channel region. The transistor structure has at least two threshold voltages associated with the at least one channel region, and an I-V characteristic of the transistor structure is determined at least in part by the threshold voltages.
1. A pixel cell comprising:
a photo-conversion device for producing photogenerated charges; and
a circuit for producing an output signal from said photogenerated charges, said circuit comprising at least a single transistor structure, the at least single transistor structure comprising:
at least one semiconductor channel region;
at least one gate for controlling the channel region; and
first and second leads respectively coupled to a source region on one side of the at least one channel region and a drain region on an opposite side of the at least one channel region, wherein the at least single transistor structure is configured such that an exponential dependence of a drain current on an applied bias in a semi-logarithmic plot is non-linear in a sub-threshold region.
2. The pixel cell of claim 1 , wherein the at least single transistor structure is an active element for operating at least in part in a sub-threshold region.
3. The pixel cell of claim 1 , wherein the at least single transistor structure is a reset transistor, a source follower transistor, or a transfer transistor.
4. The pixel cell of claim 1 , wherein the at least single transistor structure comprises first, second, and third channel regions connected in parallel.
5. The pixel cell of claim 4 , wherein the first channel region corresponds to a first threshold voltage and the second and third channel regions correspond to second and third threshold voltages, respectively, and wherein the first threshold voltage is higher than the second and third threshold voltages.
6. The pixel cell of claim 4 , wherein a first channel region corresponds to a first threshold voltage and second and third channel regions correspond to a second threshold voltage, and wherein the first threshold voltage is higher than the second threshold voltage.
7. The pixel cell of claim 1 , wherein the at least single transistor structure comprises one channel region, and wherein the channel region comprises a normal conduction path and at least one parasitic conduction path.
8. The pixel cell of claim 7 , wherein the normal conduction path is associated with a highest first threshold voltage and the at least one parasitic conduction path is associated with at least a second lower threshold voltage.
9. The pixel cell of claim 8 , wherein the single transistor structure comprises first and second parasitic conduction paths, and wherein the first and second parasitic conduction paths are associated with a second threshold voltage.
10. The pixel cell of claim 8 , wherein the single transistor structure comprises first and second parasitic conduction paths, and wherein the first and second parasitic conduction paths are associated with second and third threshold voltages, respectively.
11. The pixel cell of claim 1 , wherein the non-linear plot results at least in part from the at least one transistor structure having any of: two or more gate oxide thicknesses, two or more channel dopant concentrations, and two or more gate work-functions.
12. The pixel cell of claim 1 , wherein the exponential dependence of the drain current on the applied bias in a semi-logarithmic plot has a multiple hump characteristic in the sub-threshold region.
13. An image sensor, comprising:
an array of pixel cells, wherein at least one of the pixel cells comprises:
a photo-conversion device for producing photogenerated charges; and
a circuit for producing an output signal from said photogenerated charges, said circuit comprising at least a single transistor structure, the at least single transistor structure comprising:
at least one semiconductor channel region;
at least one gate for controlling the channel region; and
first and second leads respectively coupled to a source region on one side of the at least one channel region and a drain region on an opposite side of the at least one channel region, wherein the at least single transistor structure is configured such that an exponential dependence of a drain current on an applied bias in a semi-logarithmic plot is non-linear in a sub-threshold region.
14. The image sensor of claim 13 , wherein the at least single transistor structure comprises first, second, and third channel regions connected in parallel and wherein the first channel region corresponds to a first threshold voltage and the second and third channel regions correspond to second and third threshold voltages, respectively, and wherein the first threshold voltage is higher than the second and third threshold voltages.
15. The image sensor of claim 13 , wherein the at least single transistor structure comprises one channel region, and wherein the channel region comprises a normal conduction path associated with a highest first threshold voltage and at least one parasitic conduction path associated with at least a second lower threshold voltage.
16. The image sensor of claim 13 , wherein the non-linear plot results at least in part from the at least one transistor structure having any of: two or more gate oxide thicknesses, two or more channel dopant concentrations, and two or more gate work-functions.
17. The image sensor of claim 13 , wherein the exponential dependence of the drain current on the applied bias in a semi-logarithmic plot has a multiple hump characteristic in the sub-threshold region.
18. A processor system, comprising:
(i) a processor; and
(ii) an image sensor coupled to the processor, the image sensor comprising:
one or more pixel cells, the one or more pixel cells comprising:
a photo-conversion device for producing photogenerated charges; and a circuit for producing an output signal from said photogenerated charges, said circuit comprising a transistor structure, the transistor structure comprising:
at least one semiconductor channel region;
at least one gate for controlling the channel region; and
first and second leads respectively coupled to a source region on one side of the at least one channel region and a drain region on an opposite side of the at least one channel region, wherein the transistor structure is configured such that an exponential dependence of a drain current on an applied bias in a semi-logarithmic plot is non-linear in a sub-threshold region.
19. The processor system of claim 18 , wherein the non-linear plot results at least in part from the transistor structure having any of: two or more gate oxide thicknesses, two or more channel dopant concentrations, and two or more gate work-functions.
20. The processor system of claim 18 , wherein the exponential dependence of the drain current on the applied bias in a semi-logarithmic plot has a multiple hump characteristic in the sub-threshold region.