Method for functionalizing carbon nanotubes utilizing peroxides
A method for functionalizing the wall of single-wall or multi-wall carbon nanotubes involves the use of acyl peroxides to generate carbon-centered free radicals. The method allows for the chemical attachment of a variety of functional groups to the wall or end cap of carbon nanotubes through covalent carbon bonds without destroying the wall or endcap structure of the nanotube. Carbon-centered radicals generated from acyl peroxides can have terminal functional groups that provide sites for further reaction with other compounds. Organic groups with terminal carboxylic acid functionality can be converted to an acyl chloride and further reacted with an amine to form an amide or with a diamine to form an amide with terminal amine. The reactive functional groups attached to the nanotubes provide improved solvent dispersibility and provide reaction sites for monomers for incorporation in polymer structures. The nanotubes can also be functionalized by generating free radicals from organic sulfoxides.
1. A method for functionalizing carbon nanotubes, said method comprising:
(a) decomposing an acyl peroxide to form carbon-centered free radicals;
wherein the acyl peroxide has a form of R—C(O)O—O(O)C—R′;
wherein R and R′ are the same or different; and
wherein the carbon-centered free radicals are formed from the acyl peroxide and have a form of .R and .R′; and
(b) reacting the carbon-centered free radicals with the carbon nanotubes to form functionalized carbon nanotubes;
wherein reacting comprises forming carbon-carbon bonds between the carbon nanotubes and the carbon-centered free radicals.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the functionalized carbon nanotubes are sidewall-functionalized carbon nanotubes.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein .R and .R′ are the same and the functionalized carbon nanotubes comprise R and R′ bonded to a sidewall of the carbon nanotubes.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the R and R′ comprise a range of 1 to about 30 carbon atoms.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein .R and .R′ are different and the functionalized carbon nanotubes comprise R and R′ bonded to a sidewall of the carbon nanotubes.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein R and R′ comprise a range of 1 to about 30 carbon atoms.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon nanotubes are selected from the group consisting of single-wall carbon nanotubes, multi-wall carbon nanotubes and combinations thereof.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon nanotubes are sidewall-fluorinated carbon nanotubes.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the acyl peroxide is selected from the group consisting of acetyl peroxide, n-butyryl peroxide, sec-butyryl peroxide, t-butyryl peroxide, t-pentoyl peroxide, iso-valeryl peroxide, valeroyl peroxide, furoyl peroxide, palmitoyl peroxide, decanoyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide, cyclopropanoyl peroxide, cyclobutanoyl peroxide, cyclopentanoyl peroxide, trans-t-butylcyclohexanoyl peroxide, trans-4-cyclohexanecarbonyl peroxide, diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate, butylperoxyisopropyl carbonate, cyclohexyl peroxydicarbonate, an acyl peroxide having terminal carboxylic acid groups, and combinations thereof.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the acyl peroxide is an aroyl peroxide.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the aroyl peroxide is selected from the group consisting of benzoyl peroxide, cinnamoyl peroxide, bis(p-methoxybenzoyl) peroxide, p-monomethoxybenzoyl peroxide, benzoyl phenylacetyl peroxide, bis(o-phenoxybenzoyl) peroxide, acetyl benzoyl peroxide, t-butyl peroxybenzoate, p-nitrobenzoyl peroxide, p-bromobenzoyl peroxide, p-chlorobenzoyl peroxide, bis(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl) peroxide, p-methylbenzoyl peroxide, p-methoxybenzoyl peroxide, exo-norbornene-5-carbonyl peroxide, endo-norbornene-5-carbonyl peroxide and combinations thereof.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the aroyl peroxide comprises benzoyl peroxide.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein (a) the acyl peroxide is an acyl dicarboxylic acid peroxide having a chemical formula of HO(O)C(CH 2 ) n C(O)OO(O)C(CH 2 ) m C(O)OH; (b) n is a number ranging from 1 to about 20; and (c) m is a number ranging from 1 to about 20.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the acyl dicarboxylic acid peroxide is selected from the group consisting of succinic acid peroxide, glutaric acid peroxide, and combinations thereof.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the acyl peroxide has terminal carboxylic acid groups, and wherein the method further comprises:
reacting a chlorinating agent with the terminal carboxylic acid groups to form terminal acyl chloride groups.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the chlorinating agent is selected from the group consisting of thionyl chloride, phosphorous trichloride, phosphorous pentachloride, oxalyl chloride and combinations thereof.
17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the chlorinating agent is thionyl chloride.
18. The method of claim 15 , further comprising:
reacting an amine with the terminal acyl chloride groups to form amides.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the amine is a diamine and the amides comprise a terminal amine.
20. The method of claim 18 , wherein the amine is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl amine, an aryl amine and combinations thereof.
21. The method of claim 19 , wherein the diamine is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl diamine, an aryl diamine and combinations thereof.
22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the alkyl diamine comprises a cyclohexyl group.
23. The method of claim 19 , wherein the diamine is selected from the group consisting of ethylene diamine, 4,4′methylenebis(cyclohexylamine), propylene diamine, butylene diamine, hexamethylene diamine and combinations thereof.
24. The method of claim 1 , wherein the decomposing and reacting steps occur in a solid-state reaction.
25. The method of claim 1 , wherein the decomposing and reacting steps occur when the carbon nanotubes and the acyl peroxide are dispersed in a solvent.