Preparation of transition metal nanoparticles and surfaces modified with (CO) polymers synthesized by RAFT
A new, facile, general one-phase method of generating thiol-functionalized transition metal nanoparticles and surface modified by (co)polymers synthesized by the RAFT method is described. The method includes the steps of forming a (co)polymer in aqueous solution using the RAFT methodology, forming a collidal transition metal precursor solution from an appropriate transition metal; adding the metal precursor solution or surface to the (co)polymer solution, adding a reducing agent into the solution to reduce the metal colloid in situ to produce the stabilized nanoparticles or surface, and isolating the stabilized nanoparticles or surface in a manner such that aggregation is minimized. The functionalized surfaces generated using these methods can further undergo planar surface modifications, such as fuctionalization with a variety of different chemical groups, expanding their utility and application.
1. A method of producing nanoparticles stabilized by (co)polymers synthesized using Reversible Addition-Fragmentation chain Transfer (RAFT), comprising:
forming a dithio end-capped (co)polymer by reacting a polymerizable monomer or co-monomers with a free radical source and a chain transfer agent (CTA) using the RAFT method in a solvent;
obtaining metal precursor colloidal nanoparticles in a solution;
contacting the metal precursor colloidal nanoparticles with the dithio end-capped (co)polymer; and
introducing a reducing agent into the solution.
2. The method according to claim 1 further comprising:
concentrating the stabilized nanoparticles and removing by-products of synthesis which remain in solution;
adding a solvent and agitating the nanoparticles to redisperse the stabilized nanoparticles; and
concentrating the stabilized nanoparticles in a manner such as to minimize aggregation.
3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the solvent comprises water.
4. The method according to claim 1 wherein the forming and introducing steps are performed open to the atmosphere.
5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the free radical source is a free radical initiator selected from the group consisting of azo-compounds, peroxides, redox systems, and reducing sugars.
6. The method according to claim 5 , wherein the azo-compounds are selected from the group consisting of AIBMe, AIBN, ACP, AB, azobis(2-aminopropane)-dichloride, and dithionate compounds.
7. The method according to claim 5 , wherein the peroxides are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen peroxide, tert-butyl peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide, tert-butyl peroxyacetate, lauroyl peroxide, dibenzoyl peroxide, and ammonium persulphate.
8. The method according to claim 5 , wherein the redox systems are selected from the group consisting of mixtures of hydrogen peroxide, alkyl peroxide, peresters, and percarbonates, in combination with any one of the salts of iron, titaneous salts, zinc salts, zinc formaldehyde sulphoxylate, sodium salts, and sodium formaldehyde sulphoxylate.
9. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the CTA is selected from the group consisting of dithioester compounds, disulphides, xanthate disulphides, and dithiocarbonates.
10. The method according to claim 9 , wherein the CTA is DTBA (4-cyanopentanoic acid dithiobenzoate).
11. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the obtaining metal precursor colloidal nanoparticle step includes forming a colloidal metal precursor solution as a complex of the transition metal at room temperature in water.
12. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the obtaining metal precursor colloidal nanoparticle step comprises forming a colloidal metal precursor solution from a salt of the transition metal and water at room temperature.
13. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticles comprise transition-metal based nanoparticles selected from the group of metals comprising the second and third series of the d-block of the Periodic Table.
14. The method according to claim 13 , wherein the transition metal based nanoparticles comprise transition metals having tetrahedral or octahedral geometries.
15. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the metal precursor colloidal nanoparticle solution includes a metal system selected from the group consisting of Na 2 IrCl 6 .6H 2 O, Na 2 OsCl 6 .H 2 O, K 3 RuCl 6 , Na 3 RhCl 6 , PtOAc 2 , Na 2 PtCl 6 .6H 2 O, Na 2 PdCl 6 .4H 2 O, AgNO 3 , HAuCl 4 , H 2 PtCl 6 , H 2 IrCl 6 , and H 2 OsCl 6 .
16. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the reducing agent includes at least one compound selected from the group consisting of NaBH 4 , KBH 4 , LiBH 4 , Ca(BH 4 ) 2 , Mg(BH 4 ) 2 , Zn(BH 4 ) 2 , Al(BH 4 ) 3 , LiAlH 4 , NaBH 3 CN, H 2 NNH 2 , B 2 H 6 , 9-BBN, lithium tri-sec-butylborohydride, lithium trisiamylborohydride, LiAlH(OtBu) 3 , LiAlH(OMe) 3 , LiAlH(OEt) 3 , Li(mesityl) 2 BH 2 , Li(siamyl) 3 BH, NaBH(OMe) 3 , and NaBH(OiPr) 3 .
17. The product of the process of claim 1 .