Cyclic pre-reformer/desulphurization unit
A combined desulphurization and pre-reforming processing unit converts logistic fuels such as JP-5, JP-8, gasoline, and diesel with high sulfur content levels, into a mixture of hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and water without any sulfur or higher hydrocarbons. The fuel is processed at lower temperatures with sulfur-resistant materials in order to break down all the heavy hydrocarbons into methane and carbon oxides while capturing the sulfur simultaneously. The resulting feed is passed to a methane reforming system to generate additional hydrogen with no effects of coking or sulfur poisoning on the reforming system. The unit itself operates in a cyclic manner in order to regenerate the bed.
1. A staged process comprising
contacting, in a first stage, water and liquid fuel containing sulfur over a catalyst material to convert the fuel into methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide, and upon which the hydrogen sulfide is captured by the catalyst material; and
contacting, in a second stage, the catalyst material with a mixture of air and water to remove the hydrogen sulfide from the catalyst material as sulfur dioxide and water.
2. The process of claim 1 , where the catalyst material is a mixture of two or more catalyst phases.
3. The process of claim 2 , where the catalyst material is a multifunctional catalyst which contains all phases.
4. The process of claim 2 , where at least one phase of the catalyst material contains a phase active for hydrocarbon reformation, and at least one additional phase of the catalyst material contains a material for sulfur capture.
5. The process of claim 4 , where the reformation catalyst phase consists of at least one metallic component.
6. The process of claim 5 , where the metallic component is Ni, Cu, Co, Fe, Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru or Ir.
7. The process of claim 4 , where the sulfur capture component consists of at least a metal oxide component.
8. The process of claim 7 , where the metal of the metal oxide component is a member of the rare earth components.
9. The process of claim 7 , where the metal of the metal oxide component is Zn, Mg, Mn, Mo, Co, Ni, W, Fe, Ce, Zr, or La.
10. The process of claim 1 , where two or more reactors filled with the catalyst material are used, and are cycled through with the use of two or more valves such that at any time, at least one reactor is always performing the first stage of reformation, and at least one reactor is always performing the second stage of sulfur removal.
11. The process of claim 1 , where a sulfur trap is used on an output of the first stage.
12. The process of claim 11 , where the sulfur trap consists of a sulfur absorbent solid material or a metal-organic framework absorbent.
13. The process of claim 1 , where a sulfur trap is used on an output of the second stage.
14. The process of claim 13 , where the sulfur trap consists of a sulfur absorbent solid material or a metal-organic framework absorbent.
15. The process of claim 10 , where a sulfur detection sensor is used on an output of the first stage to trigger stage switching of the process.
16. The process of claim 10 , where a hydrocarbon detection sensor is used on an output of the first stage to trigger stage switching of the process.
17. The process of claim 1 , where the liquid fuel predominately contains molecules with 5 or more carbons.
18. The process of claim 1 , where the liquid fuel is a logistic fuel.
19. The process of claim 1 , where the liquid fuel comprises from 0.1% to 10% (by mass) sulfur.
20. The process of claim 1 , where the water to carbon atom molar ratio used for the first stage is in a range from 2 to 5.
21. The process of claim 1 , where the temperature of the first stage is in a range from 100 to 700° C.
22. The process of claim 1 , where the pressure of the first stage is no more than 400 psi.
23. The process of claim 1 , where oxygen or air is also fed with the water and liquid fuel to the first stage at an oxygen atom to carbon atom molar ratio of up to 0.5.
24. The process of claim 1 , where the water to air ratio in the second stage is between 0 and 1.
25. The process of claim 1 , where the temperature of the second stage is in a range from 100 to 700° C.
26. The process of claim 1 , where the pressure of the second stage is no more than 400 psi.
27. The process of claim 1 , where heat is recovered from the second stage output stream and transferred to an inlet of the first stage.
28. The process of claim 19 , where the liquid fuel comprises from 1% to 7% (by mass) sulfur.
29. The process of claim 28 , where the liquid fuel comprises from 2% to 6% (by mass) sulfur.
30. The process of claim 20 , where the water to carbon atom molar ratio used for the first stage is in a range from 3 to 4.
31. The process of claim 21 , where the temperature of the first stage is in a range from 450 to 650° C.
32. The process of claim 22 , where the pressure of the first stage is in a range from 150 to 300 psi.
33. The process of claim 25 , where the temperature of the second stage is in a range from 450 to 650° C.
34. The process of claim 26 , where the pressure of the second stage is no more than 100 psi.