Stabilized calcium phosphate complexes
The present invention relates to a phosphopeptide-stabilized amorphous calcium phosphate and/or amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate complex, wherein the complex is formed at a pH of below 7.0. Methods of making such complexes are also provided. The complexes are useful in dental applications, in particular in dental remineralization.
1. A phosphopeptide stabilised amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) or amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate (ACFP) complex, wherein the complex is formed at a pH of from about 5.0 up to but below 7.0, and wherein the ACP or ACFP complex has bound and unbound calcium, wherein the bound calcium in the complex is less than the bound calcium in an ACP or ACFP complex formed at a pH of 7.0 and the ACP or ACFP is predominantly in a basic form.
2. A complex according to claim 1 , wherein the phosphopeptide includes the sequence A-B-C-D-E where A, B, C, D and E are independently phosphoserine, phosphothreonine, phosphotyrosine, phosphohistidine, glutamic acid or aspartic acid.
3. A complex according to claim 2 , wherein the phosphopeptide includes the sequence Ser(P)-Ser(P)-Ser(P)-Glu-Glu wherein Ser(P) is phosphoserine and Glu is glutamic acid.
4. A complex according to claim 1 , wherein the phosphopeptide is a casein phosphopeptide.
5. A complex according to claim 4 , wherein the casein phosphopeptide is selected from the group consisting of α s1 (59-79), β(1-25), α s2 (46-70) and α s2 (1-21).
6. A complex according to claim 1 , wherein the complex is formed at a pH in the range of from about 5.0 to about 6.0.
7. A complex according to claim 1 , wherein the complex is formed at a pH of about 5.5.
8. A phosphopeptide stabilised amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) or amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate (ACFP) complex, wherein the ACP in the complex has bound and unbound calcium, wherein the bound calcium in the complex is less than the bound calcium in an ACP or ACFP complex formed at a pH of 7.0 and the ACP or ACFP is predominantly in a basic form, obtainable by a method comprising:
a) admixing a first solution comprising calcium ions, a second solution comprising phosphate ions, and optionally a third solution comprising fluoride ions, to a solution comprising phosphopeptides and a solvent with a pH of from about 5 up to but below 7; and
b) maintaining the pH of the solution at about 5.0 up to but below 7.0 during the admixing by adding hydroxide ions.
9. A phosphopeptide stabilized amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) according to claim 8 , wherein the phosphopeptides are casein phosphopeptides.
10. A complex according to claim 1 , wherein the amount of calcium bound in a complex is measured by
(a) filtration of the ACP or ACFP complex mixture through a 0.1 micron filter to form a retentate;
(b) ultrafiltration of the retentate from step (a) through a 3000 mW cutoff membrane; and
(c) measure the amount of calcium in the complexes retained by the membrane by subtracting the amount of calcium in the filtrate from ultrafiltration step (b) from the amount of calcium in the retentate after step (a).
11. A complex according to claim 1 , wherein the ACP or ACFP complex has on average at least 20% less calcium bound to the complex as compared to ACP or ACFP complexes formed at a pH of 7.0.
12. A complex according to claim 1 , further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
13. A complex according to claim 1 , wherein the complex is formed at a pH of from about 5.0 up to but below 7.0.
14. A complex according to claim 3 , further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
15. A complex according to claim 5 , further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
16. A composition comprising phosphopeptide stabilised amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) or amorphous calcium fluoride phosphate (ACFP) complexes predominately in basic form, wherein when compared with a reference composition of phosphopeptide stabilised ACP or ACFP formed at a pH of 7 predominantly in a basic form, the complexes comprise
a) a first portion capable of being retained by a 3000 mW cutoff membrane during centrifugation, wherein the first portion has a proportion of the total calcium in the composition that is less than a proportion of total calcium in a portion of complexes of the reference composition that are retained by a 3000 mW cutoff membrane during centrifugation; and
b) a second portion capable of passing through the 3000 mW cutoff membrane during centrifugation, wherein the second portion has a proportion of the total calcium in the composition that is greater than a proportion of total calcium in a portion of complexes of the reference composition that pass through a 3000 mW cutoff membrane during centrifugation.