Carbon sequestration and dry reforming process and catalysts to produce same
A carbon sequestration and dry reforming process for the production of synthesis gas and sequestered carbon from carbon dioxide. Two-dimension (non-porous) catalysts for sequestering carbon are also disclosed and a process to produce same as well as a method for activating two dimension catalysts.
1 . A carbon sequestration and dry reforming process comprising the steps of:
providing a reactant gas mixture comprising carbon dioxide and an organic material;
providing at least one catalyst for dry reforming the reactant gas mixture and sequestering carbon, at least one of the at least one catalyst being a two-dimension carbon sequestration catalyst;
contacting the reactant gas mixture with the at least one catalyst under conditions wherein the reactant gas mixture is at least partly reformed into a product gas mixture including a synthesis gas and solid carbon particles are formed over the at least one two-dimension carbon sequestration catalyst; and recovering the product gas mixture and the solid carbon particles.
2 . A carbon sequestration and dry reforming process as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising mechanically withdrawing the solid carbon particles.
3 . A carbon sequestration and dry reforming process as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising adding steam to the reactant gas mixture.
4 . A carbon sequestration and dry reforming process as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising activating the catalyst by producing a superficial iron oxide grains layer by different means as the thermal oxidative treatment under oxidative gas flow or under inert gas followed by oxidative gas.
5 . A carbon sequestration and dry reforming process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the organic material and the carbon dioxide in the reactant gas mixture are in a molar ratio ranging between 0.3 and 3.
6 . A carbon sequestration and dry reforming process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the dry reforming of the reactant gas mixture is carried out on a three dimension catalyst at a first reaction temperature and then the sequestering of the carbon is carried out on the at least one two dimension catalyst at a second reaction temperature.
7 . A carbon sequestration and dry reforming process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein at least one of the at least one catalyst comprises an active metal deposited on one of a non-porous support.
8 . A carbon sequestration and dry reforming process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the product gas mixture is a fuel for a fuel cell.
9 . A carbon sequestration and dry reforming process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the reactant gas mixture is an output product of a fuel cell.
10 . A filamentous carbon material resulting from the carbon sequestration and dry reforming process as claimed in claim 1 .
11 . A synthesis gas resulting from the carbon sequestration and dry reforming process as claimed in claim 1 .
12 . A carbon sequestration method in a dry reforming process, comprising bringing at least one of a reactant gas mixture including carbon dioxide and an organic material and a dry reformed gas in contact with a two-dimension carbon sequestration catalyst at a temperature wherein a solid carbon deposit is formed at the surface of the two-dimension carbon sequestration catalyst.
13 . A carbon sequestration method as claimed in claim 12 , wherein the two-dimension carbon sequestration catalyst comprises an activated iron-based catalytic material.
14 . The carbon sequestration method as claimed in claim 13 , wherein said iron-based catalyst is obtained by thermal-oxidative pretreatment of low-carbon steel material.
15 . The carbon sequestration method as claimed in claim 14 , wherein said thermal-oxidative pretreatment comprises the following steps:
a) heating said carbon steel material at a temperature above 400° C.; and
b) oxidizing said material at room temperature.
16 . The carbon sequestration method as claimed in claim 13 , wherein said activated iron-based catalytic material is selected from: iron oxide or iron carbide.
17 . The carbon sequestration method as claimed in claim 16 , wherein said activated iron-based catalytic material is selected from the group consisting of: Fe 3 C, Fe 7 C, FeO, Fe 2 O 3 and Fe 3 O 4 .
18 . A carbon sequestration method as claimed in claim 13 , wherein the iron-based catalytic material comprises at least one of nickel, chrome and cobalt alloying elements.
19 . A carbon sequestration method as claimed in claim 13 , wherein the iron-based catalytic material is a high temperature resistant iron alloy.
20 . A carbon sequestration method as claimed in claim 12 , wherein the two-dimension carbon sequestration catalyst comprises an active metal deposited on a non-porous support, the active metal being selected from the group consisting of nickel, platinum group metals promoted nickel, alkali-enhanced nickel, copper-promoted nickel, and tin-promoted nickel.
21 . A carbon sequestration and dry reforming reactor comprising:
a) at least one housing, each having at least one gas input and at least one gas output, the at least one gas input being adapted to receive a reactant gas mixture composed of an organic material and carbon dioxide;
b) at least one catalyst disposed in at least one of the at least one housing for dry reforming the reactant gas mixture circulating therein into a product gas mixture and sequestering carbon, at least one of the at least one catalyst being a two-dimension carbon sequestration catalyst; and
c) a heater operatively connected to the reactor for heating at least one of the gas mixture and the at least one catalyst.
22 . A carbon sequestration and dry reforming reactor as claimed in claim 21 , comprising at least two housings, a first of the at least two housings comprising a three dimension dry reforming catalyst for dry reforming the reactant gas mixture and a second of the at least two housings comprising the at least one two dimension carbon sequestration catalyst.
23 . A carbon sequestration and dry reforming reactor as claimed in claim 21 , wherein one of the at least one housing comprises a three dimension dry reforming catalyst for dry reforming the reactant gas mixture and the at least one two dimension carbon sequestration catalyst.
24 . A carbon sequestration and dry reforming reactor as claimed in claim 21 , wherein the reactor is operable in at least one of solid carbon recovery mode and catalyst regeneration mode.
25 . A reforming catalyst, comprising an active metal deposited on one of a non-porous support selected from the group consisting of a non-porous metallic support and a non-porous ceramic support, the active metal being selected from the group consisting of nickel, platinum group metals promoted nickel, alkali-enhanced nickel, copper-promoted nickel, and tin-promoted nickel.
26 . A reforming catalyst as claimed in claim 25 , wherein the non-porous support is a ceramic support selected from the group consisting of alumina, zirconia, and phosphate oxide.
27 . A reforming catalyst as claimed in claim 25 , wherein the non porous support is a metallic support comprising fritted molybdenum.
28 . A reforming catalyst as claimed in claim 25 , wherein the reforming catalyst is a dry reforming catalyst.
29 . A reforming catalyst as claimed in claim 25 , wherein the reforming catalyst is a two dimension catalyst.
30 . A reforming catalyst as claimed in claim 25 , wherein the catalyst is obtained by impregnation of the non-porous support using one of nitrate salts and chloride salts of the active metal.
31 . A reforming catalyst as claimed in claim 25 , wherein the catalyst is obtained by thermal plasma deposition on the non-porous support using one of nitrates, carbonates, and chlorides of the active metal.
32 . A two-dimension reforming catalyst manufacturing process, comprising:
a) providing a non-porous support;
b) providing a catalytic metal precursor selected from the group consisting of nickel, platinum group metals promoted nickel, alkali-enhanced nickel, copper-promoted nickel, and tin-promoted nickel; and
c) deposing the catalytic metal precursor over the non-porous support.
33 . A process as claimed in claim 32 , wherein the non-porous support is selected from the group consisting of a non-porous metallic support and a non-porous ceramic support.
34 . A process as claimed in claim 32 , comprising depositing the catalytic metal precursor by thermal plasma deposition using one of nitrates, carbonates, and chlorides of the catalytic metal precursor.
35 . A process as claimed in claim 32 , comprising depositing the catalytic metal precursor by impregnation of the non-porous support using one of nitrate salts and chloride salts of the metal.
36 . A process as claimed in claim 35 , comprising calcinating the assembly of the metal impregnated on the non-porous support.
37 . A two-dimension catalyst manufacturing process, comprising:
a) providing a non-porous support;
b) providing a catalytic metal precursor selected from the group consisting of nickel, platinum group metals promoted nickel, alkali-enhanced nickel, copper-promoted nickel, and tin-promoted nickel; and
c) deposing a catalytic material over the support by thermal plasma deposition of the catalytic metal precursor.
38 . A process as claimed in claim 37 , wherein the catalytic metal precursor is one of a nitrate, a carbonate, and a chloride.
39 . A process as claimed in claim 37 , wherein the non-porous support is selected from the group consisting of a non-porous metallic support and a non-porous ceramic support.
40 . A process as claimed in claim 37 , comprising pressing the deposited catalytic material over the substrate.
41 . A process as claimed in claim 37 , comprising heating the deposited catalytic material under an inert gas flow.
42 . A process as claimed in claim 37 , wherein the two-dimension catalyst is a reforming catalyst.
43 . A two-dimension carbon sequestration catalyst, comprising: an iron-based superficial catalytic material activated by heating under an inert gas atmosphere to a temperature ranging between 700 and 900° C.
44 . A two-dimension carbon sequestration catalyst, as claimed in claim 43 , wherein the inert gas is nitrogen.
45 . A two-dimension carbon sequestration catalyst as claimed in claim 43 , wherein the two-dimension catalyst is heated to a temperature higher than the eutectic point and the steel is transformed into its α-phase.
46 . A two-dimension carbon sequestration catalyst as claimed in claim 43 , wherein the iron-based catalytic material comprises at least one of nickel, chrome and cobalt alloying elements.
47 . A two-dimension carbon sequestration catalyst as claimed in claim 43 , wherein the iron-based catalytic material is a high temperature resistant iron alloy.
48 . A two-dimension carbon sequestration catalyst, comprising: an iron-based non-porous catalytic material activated by thermal-oxidation of low-carbon steel material.
49 . The two-dimension carbon sequestration catalyst as claimed in claim 48 , wherein said thermal-oxidative pretreatment comprises the following steps:
a) heating said carbon steel material at a temperature above 400° C.; and
b) oxidizing said material to form an iron oxide layer at the surface of the iron.
50 . The two-dimension carbon sequestration catalyst as claimed in claim 48 , wherein said activated iron-based catalytic material is selected from: iron oxides or iron carbides.
51 . The two-dimension carbon sequestration catalyst as claimed in claim 49 , wherein said activated iron-based catalytic material is selected from the group consisting of: Fe 3 C, Fe 7 C, FeO, Fe 2 O 3 and Fe 3 O 4 .