Particle accelerator having wide energy control range
A particle accelerator system for producing a charged particle beam having pulses of charged particles that have different energy levels from pulse to pulse. The system enables independent adjustment of the RF power delivered to first and second accelerating sections thereof without adjustment of the RF power generated by an RF source. Such independent adjustment enables the RF power provided to the first accelerating section to be maintained at a level appropriate for optimal particle capturing therein and for producing a tightly bunched beam of particles having different energy levels from pulse to pulse, while enabling the RF power provided to the second accelerating section to be varied in order to vary the energy levels of the charged particles of the charged particle beam from pulse to pulse.
1. A method of producing a charged particle beam having pulses of charged particles that have different energy levels from pulse to pulse, the method comprising the steps of:
generating electromagnetic waves with a power source;
producing pulses of charged particles with an injector;
receiving the electromagnetic waves and the pulses of charged particles in a first accelerating section of a particle accelerator;
transferring the energy of the electromagnetic waves to the pulses of charged particles in the first accelerating section;
receiving the pulses of charged particles from the first accelerating section in a second accelerating section of the particle accelerator;
transferring energy to the pulses of charged particles in the second accelerating section; and
receiving electromagnetic waves from the power source at a phase shifter interposed between the power source and second accelerating section;
alternately changing the phase of the electromagnetic waves received by the phase shifter between successive pulses of the pulses of charged particles; and
delivering the electromagnetic waves from the phase shifter to the second accelerating section.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the phase shifter comprises a high-speed phase shifter having a waveguide segment with an outer wall, a ferrite element positioned within the waveguide segment, an electromagnet secured to the outer wall of the waveguide segment, and a coil for creating a magnetic field in the ferrite element.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the phase shifter comprises a high-speed phase shifter having a rotary reflector.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the phase shifter comprises a high-speed phase shifter having a waveguide discharger and a waveguide shorting device connected at the end of the waveguide discharger.
5. A method of producing an electron beam having pulses of electrons that have different energy levels from pulse to pulse, the method comprising the steps of:
generating radio frequency power with a power source;
producing pulses of electrons with an injector;
receiving the pulses of electrons in a first accelerating section of a particle accelerator connected to the injector;
receiving in the first accelerating section via a first power delivery path, radio frequency power from the power source in the form of radio frequency waves;
transferring energy of the radio frequency power to the pulses of electrons in the first accelerating section;
receiving the pulses of electrons in a second accelerating section of a particle accelerator connected to the first accelerating section;
receiving in the second accelerating section via a second power delivery path, radio frequency power from the power source; and
alternating the amount of radio frequency power delivered to the first accelerating section via the first power delivery path relative to the amount of radio frequency power delivered to the second accelerating section via the second power delivery path between successive pulses of the pulses of electrons to produce successive pulses of the pulses of electrons having alternating energy levels.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the method further comprises the steps of:
receiving radio frequency power in the form of radio frequency waves from the power source at a phase shifter interposed in the second power delivery path between the second accelerating section and the power source;
alternately changing the phase of the radio frequency waves between successive pulses of the pulses of electrons; and
delivering the radio frequency waves to the second alternating section.