Patient monitoring apparatus and method for determining volume responsiveness of a monitored patient
From the global end-diastolic volume GEDV and the global ejection fraction GEF the patient monitor ( 4 ) determines a corrected global end-diastolic volume cGEDV according to cGEDV=GEDV /ƒ( GEF ) which is used as a novel parameter for volume responsiveness of the patient ( 3 ). In the above formula, f(GEF) is a correction function depending on global ejection fraction GEF. Further, from the right ventricular end-diastolic volume RVEDV and the right ventricular ejection fraction RVEF the patient monitor ( 4 ) determines a corrected right ventricular end-diastolic volume cRVEDV according to cRVEDV=RVEDV 1 f ( RVEF ) which is used as another novel parameter for volume responsiveness of the patient ( 3 ). In the above formula, f(RVEF) is a correction function depending on right ventricular ejection fraction RVEF.
1. A patient monitoring apparatus for determining at least one of volume responsiveness and cardiac preload of a monitored patient, said apparatus comprising
a thermodilution measurement assembly for inducing a local temperature change at a first location of the patient's circulatory system and measuring a response signal downstream of said first location and
an evaluation unit adapted to determine an end-diastolic volume EDV from said measured response signal
wherein said evaluation unit is further adapted to determine, as a parameter for at least one of volume responsiveness and cardiac preload, a corrected end-diastolic volume cEDV as the quotient of said end-diastolic volume EDV and a function ƒ of an ejection fraction EF of said patient according to the formula
cEDV=EDV /ƒ( EF ).
2. A patient monitoring apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein said function ƒ is an exponential function.
3. A patient monitoring apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein said function ƒ is of the type
ƒ=exp( k 1·( k 2 −EF ))
wherein k 1 is a first constant and k 2 is a second constant.
4. A patient monitoring apparatus according to claim 3 , wherein said first constant k 1 is positive.
5. A patient monitoring apparatus according to claim 4 , wherein said first constant k 1 is between 2.5 and 3.
6. A patient monitoring apparatus according to claim 3 , wherein said second constant k 2 represents a normal ejection fraction which has been determined as an average value of the ejection fractions of a plurality of persons.
7. A patient monitoring apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein said thermodilution measurement assembly includes injection means ( 11 ) for central venous injection of a bolus with a temperature deviating from the patient's blood temperature.
8. A patient monitoring apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein said thermodilution measurement assembly includes heating means for locally influencing the patient's blood temperature in a central vein.
9. A patient monitoring apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein said thermodilution measurement assembly includes cooling means for locally influencing the patient's blood temperature in a central vein.
10. A patient monitoring apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein said thermodilution measurement assembly includes a right heart catheter with sensor means for measuring said response signal in the pulmonary artery of the patient
and wherein said end-diastolic volume EDV is a right ventricular end-diastolic volume RVEDV, said ejection fraction EF is a right ventricular ejection fraction RVEF and said evaluation unit is adapted to determine a corrected right ventricular end-diastolic volume cRVEDV according to the formula
cRVEDV=RVEDV /ƒ( RVEF ).
11. A patient monitoring apparatus according to claim 10 , wherein said function ƒ is of the type
ƒ=exp( k 1·( k 2 −RVEF ))
and wherein k 1 is a first constant and k 2 is a second constant which is between 0 and 1.
12. A patient monitoring apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein said thermodilution measurement assembly includes an arterial catheter with sensor means for measuring said response signal in an artery of the patient
and wherein said end-diastolic volume EDV is a global end-diastolic volume GEDV, said ejection fraction EF is a global ejection fraction GEF and said evaluation unit is adapted to determine a corrected global enddiastolic volume cGEDV according to the formula
cGEDV=GEDV /ƒ( GEF ).
13. A patient monitoring apparatus according to claim 12 , wherein said function ƒ is of the type
ƒ=exp( k 1·( k 2 −GEF ))
and wherein k 1 is a first constant and k 2 is a second constant which is between 0 and 1.
14. A patient monitoring apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein said evaluation unit includes means to store previously corrected end-diastolic volumes cEDV and is further adapted to determine a difference ΔcEDV between an instant corrected end-diastolic volume cEDV and a corrected end-diastolic volume determined a predetermined time span earlier than determination of the instant corrected end-diastolic volume.
15. A patient monitoring apparatus according to claim 14 , wherein said evaluation unit includes database means storing data sets, each of the data sets including a value range of the end-diastolic volume difference ΔcEDV and a counter measure recommendation corresponding to said value range of the end-diastolic volume difference ΔcEDV.
16. A patient monitoring apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein said monitoring apparatus comprises alarm means for emitting at least one of an audible alarm and a visible alarm if at least one of the determined corrected end-diastolic volume cEDV and the determined difference ΔcEDV between the instant corrected end-diastolic volume cEDV and a corrected end-diastolic volume determined a predetermined time span earlier than determination of the instant corrected end-diastolic volume is outside a range defined by at least one of an upper threshold value and a lower threshold value.
17. A patient monitoring apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein said monitoring apparatus further comprises a central venous pressure measurement assembly.
18. A patient monitoring apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein said monitoring apparatus further comprises an arterial pressure measurement assembly and said evaluation unit is further adapted to read in arterial pressure readings from said arterial pressure measurement assembly and to calculate hemodynamic parameters on the basis of said arterial pressure readings using pulse contour algorithms.
19. A method for determining at least one of volume responsiveness and cardiac preload of a monitored patient, said method comprising the steps of
inducing a local temperature change at a first location of the patient's circulatory system,
measuring a response signal downstream of said first location
determining in an evaluation unit an end-diastolic volume EDV from said measured response signal, and
determining in an evaluation unit, as a parameter for at least one of volume responsiveness and cardiac preload, a corrected end-diastolic volume cEDV as the quotient of said end-diastolic volume EDV and a function ƒ of an ejection fraction EF of said patient according to the formula
cEDV=EDV /ƒ( EF ).
20. A method according to claim 19 , wherein said function ƒ is an exponential function.
21. A method according to claim 20 , wherein said function ƒ is of the type
ƒ=exp( k 1·( k 2 −EF ))
wherein k 1 is a first constant and k 2 is a second constant.
22. A method according to claim 21 , wherein said first constant k 1 is positive.
23. A method according to claim 22 , wherein said first constant k 1 is between 2.5 and 3.
24. A method according to claim 21 , wherein said second constant k 2 represents a normal ejection fraction which has been determined as an average value of the ejection fractions of a plurality of persons.
25. A method according to claim 19 , wherein said step of inducing a local temperature change includes injection of a bolus with a temperature deviating from the patient's blood temperature.
26. A method according to claim 19 , wherein said step of inducing a local temperature change includes locally heating the patient's blood in a central vein.
27. A method according to claim 19 , wherein said step of inducing a local temperature change includes locally cooling the patient's blood in a central vein.
28. A method according to claim 19 , wherein said step of measuring a response signal includes measuring said response signal in the pulmonary artery of the patient using a right heart catheter,
and wherein said end-diastolic volume EDV is a right ventricular end-diastolic volume RVEDV, said ejection fraction EF is a right ventricular ejection fraction RVEF and a corrected right ventricular end-diastolic volume cRVEDV is determined according to the formula
cRVEDV=RVEDV /ƒ( RVEF ).
29. A method according to claim 28 , wherein said function ƒ is of the type
ƒ=exp( k 1·( k 2 −RVEF ))
and wherein k 1 is a first constant and k 2 is a second constant which is between 0 and 1.
30. A method according to claim 19 , wherein said step of measuring a response signal includes measuring said response signal in an artery of the patient
and wherein said end-diastolic volume EDV is a global end-diastolic volume GEDV, said ejection fraction EF is a global ejection fraction GEF and a corrected global end-diastolic volume cGEDV is determined according to the formula
cGEDV=GEDV /ƒ( GEF ).
31. A method according to claim 30 , wherein said function ƒ is of the type
ƒ=exp( k 1·( k 2 −GEF ))
and wherein k 1 is a first constant and k 2 is a second constant which is between 0 and 1.
32. A method according to claim 19 , wherein previously corrected end-diastolic volumes cEDV are stored and a difference ΔcEDV is determined between an instant corrected end-diastolic volume cEDV and a corrected end-diastolic volume determined a predetermined time span earlier than determination of the instant corrected end-diastolic volume.
33. A method according to claim 32 , wherein data sets are stored, each of the data sets including a value range of the end-diastolic volume difference ΔcEDV and a counter measure recommendation corresponding to said value range of the end-diastolic volume difference ΔcEDV.
34. A method according to claim 19 , wherein at least one of an audible alarm and a visible alarm are emitted if at least one of the determined corrected end-diastolic volume cEDV and the determined difference ΔcEDV between the instant corrected end-diastolic volume cEDV and a corrected end-diastolic volume determined a predetermined time span earlier than determination of the instant corrected end-diastolic volume is outside a range defined by at least one of an upper threshold value and a lower threshold value.
35. A method according to claim 19 , wherein arterial pressure is measured and hemodynamic parameters determines on the basis of arterial pressure readings using pulse contour algorithms.