Method of producing metal to glass, metal to metal or metal to ceramic connections

1. A method of manufacturing metal to glass, metal to metal, and metal to ceramic connections, the method comprising

producing said connections to a desired thickness as a glassy connection layer comprising a mixture of a base glass powder and a metal oxide powder, wherein bonding is provided at elevated temperatures under controlled conditions, and

wherein the metal oxide powder is selected from the group consisting of:

0 to 10 wt % boron oxide with a grain size d 50 <2 μm;

0 to 10 wt % magnesium oxide with a grain size d 50 <2 μm;

0 to 8 wt % sodium and potassium oxides with a grain size d 50 <2 μm;

1 to 10 wt % manganese oxide with a grain size d 50 <1.5 μm;

1 to 10 wt % nickel oxide with a grain size d 50 <1.5 μm;

0 to 10 wt % vanadium oxide with a grain size d 50 <1.5 μm;

0 to 5 wt % cobalt oxide with a grain size d 50 <1.5 μm;

0 to 5 wt % molybdenum oxide with a grain size d 50 <1.5 μm; and

0 to 5 wt % copper oxide with a grain size d 50 <1.5 μm;

coating a metal surface with a metallic coating or a transition-metal oxide coating to provide a coated metal surface, wherein the coated metal surface faces the glassy connection layer; and

then applying the base-glass powder together with the metal oxide on the coated metal surface.

2. The method according to dam 1 , further comprising producing said connections as a base glass powder with addition of metal oxide powders in a binder system being combined with the metallic coating on the metal surface, said coating being alloyed into the surface by heating in a controlled atmosphere prior to application of the glassy connection layer.

3. The method according to dam 1 , further comprising producing said connections as a base glass powder with addition of metal oxide powders in a binder system being combined with metal oxide coatings on the metal surface, said coatings being deposited prior to application of the glassy connection layer.

4. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising producing said connections as a base glass powder with additions of the metal oxide powders in a binder system and being combined with the metallic coatings on the metal surface, which are alloyed into the surface by heating in a controlled atmosphere prior to application of a metal oxide coating on the metal surface, said coating being deposited prior to bringing together the metal and the glassy connection layer.

5. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising producing said connections by coating a composite seal part with a dispersed metal oxide suspension.

6. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising producing said connections by coating a composite seal part with a dispersed metal oxide suspension in combination with the metal coating on the metal surface which is alloyed into the surface by heating in a controlled atmosphere prior to bringing together the metal and the seal composite components.

7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the amount of glassy connection layer per surface area being sufficient to dissolve any protective chromia scale which may develop on the metallic parts.

8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the base glass is selected from glasses of earth alkaline aluminosilicates at compositions resulting in eutectic crystallization behavior, or from sodium aluminosilicates at compositions within the primary crystallization field of Albeit, or from magnesium aluminophosphate glasses.

9. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the metal coatings are oxidized in situ after application and control the scale composition on the metallic part, said metallic surface being selected from the following:

Manganese, nickel, and cobalt.

10. The method according to claim 9 , wherein said metallic surface is selected from the following:

<80 μg/cm 2 manganese;

<90 μg/cm 2 nickel, and

<40 μg/cm 2 cobalt.

11. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising using a base glass with a slow or eutectic crystallization behavior in order to maintain a compliant seal at operating temperatures higher than the glass softening temperature.

12. The method according to claim 10 , further comprising adding high expansion material to said base glass in order to adapt the thermal expansion of the seal composite material to the thermal expansion of the surface.

13. The method according to claim 12 , wherein said high expansion material is fine grained enough so as to prevent excessive micro cracking of the seal, and coarse enough so as to prevent excessive reaction and dissolution into the glass matrix.

14. The method according to claim 12 , wherein said high expansion material has a grain size of d=10-200 μm.

15. A method for bonding metal to glass composite, bonding metal to ceramic components or bonding metal to metal components, the method comprising bonding metal to glass composite, bonding metal to ceramic components or bonding metal to metal components using the connections of claim 1 .

16. A method of manufacturing metal to glass, metal to metal, and metal to ceramic connections,

comprising producing said connections with a mixture comprising a base glass powder and a metal oxide powder having a grain size of 5 μm or less,

coating a metal surface with a metallic coating or a transition-metal oxide coating to provide a coated metal surface, wherein the coated metal surface faces the glassy connection layer; and

then applying the base-glass powder together with the metal oxide on the coated metal surface.