Method and apparatus for synthesizing filamentary structures
Method and apparatus for producing filamentary structures. The structures include single-walled nanotubes. The method includes combusting hydrocarbon fuel and oxygen to establish a non-sooting flame and providing an unsupported catalyst to synthesize the filamentary structure in a post-flame region of the flame. Residence time is selected to favor filamentary structure growth.
1. A method for producing filamentary structures comprising:
combusting a premixed mixture comprising hydrocarbon fuel and oxygen, in the presence of an unsupported catalyst, to establish a non-sooting flame and to produce the filamentary structures from the combusted hydrocarbon fuel and the unsupported catalyst in a post-flame region of the non-sooting flame while maintaining the non-sooting flame.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein residence time of the structures in the post-flame region extends up to 200 milliseconds.
3. The method of claim 1 further including a diluent.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the diluent is argon.
5. The method of claim 1 further including quenching the filamentary structures.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein quenching includes injection of an inert fluid to quench by sensible energy, latent energy or chemical reaction.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the filamentary structures comprise single-walled nanotubes.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the filamentary structures comprise multi-walled nanotubes.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the filamentary structures comprise fullerenic structures.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the filamentary structures comprise carbon nanofibers.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein the filamentary structures comprise carbon structures decorated or in close association with metallic particles.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein the catalyst is a metal catalyst.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein the metal catalyst includes iron.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein the metal catalyst precursor is iron pentacarbonyl.
15. The method of claim 1 wherein the hydrocarbon fuel is acetylene.
16. The method of claim 1 wherein the catalyst is a mixture of different metals.
17. The method of claim 1 further including the step of withdrawing post-flame gases at locations corresponding to selected residence times to control the filamentary structure morphology.
18. The method of claim 1 wherein the filamentary structures are nanotubes having a diameter in the range 0.4 nm-100 nm.
19. The method of claim 1 wherein the filamentary structures comprise metallic nanotubes.
20. The method of claim 1 wherein the filamentary structures comprise semiconducting nanotubes.
21. The method of claim 1 further including injecting a secondary oxidant in the post-flame region so as to preferentially oxidize carbon and/or metallic contamination.
22. The method of claim 1 further including injecting a secondary reagent in the post-flame region so as to preferentially open, alter and/or functionalize the filamentary structures.
23. The method of claim 1 further including co-injecting or injection in a post-flame region modifying agents.
24. The method of claim 23 wherein the modifying agents are selected from the group consisting of ammonia, thiophene, hydrogen and carbon monoxide.
25. The method of claim 1 further including impressing an electric field on the flame or post-flame region of the flame to alter residence time profiles and/or particle trajectories and/or growth kinetics of particles to alter filamentary structure or morphology.
26. The method of claim 25 comprising impressing on the flame an electric field having a selected strength and having field lines substantially parallel to flame gas flow to induce preferential growth of the structures having either metallic or semiconductor chirality.
27. The method of claim 1 further including impressing an magnetic field on the flame or post-flame region of the flame to alter residence time profiles and/or particle trajectories, and/or growth kinetics of particles to alter filamentary structure or morphology.
28. The method of claim 1 further including impressing an electric and magnetic field on the flame or post-flame region of the flame to alter residence time profiles and/or particle trajectories, and/or growth kinetics of particles to alter filamentary structure or morphology.
29. The method of claim 1 further including impressing an electric and/or magnetic field with field lines perpendicular to the flow field in order to induce a separation of nanotubes or particles from the flame gases.
30. The method of claim 1 wherein equivalence ratio, catalyst type, and catalyst concentration are selected to establish the non-sooting flame.
31. The method of claim 1 wherein the hydrocarbon fuel and oxygen are in an equivalence ratio in the range 1.0-1.7.