Methods to fabricate functionally gradient materials and structures formed thereby
Methods and associated structures of forming microelectronic devices are described. Those methods may include forming a first layer of functionalized nanaparticles on a substrate by immersing the substrate in at least one of a solvent and a polymer matrix, wherein at least one of the solvent and the polymer matrix comprises a plurality of functionalized nanoparticles; and forming a second layer of functionalized nanoparticles on the first layer of functionalized particles, wherein there is a gradient in a property between the first layer and the second layer.
1. A structure comprising:
a first layer of at least one of a plurality of functionalized nanoparticles and polymer material disposed on a substrate, wherein the first layer comprises a physical property; and
a second layer of at least one of a plurality of functionalized nanoparticles and polymer material disposed on the first layer, wherein the first layer comprises the physical property, and wherein at least one of the first layer and the second layer of functionalized nanoparticles comprises metallic functionalized nanoparticles; and
a property gradient extending from the first layer to the second layer.
2. The structure of claim 1 wherein the functionalized nanoparticles comprise at least one of small organic linker molecule comprising mercaptoethanol, ethanedithiol, 1,6-hexanedithiol, metal nanoparticles and combinations thereof.
3. The structure of claim 1 wherein the property gradient comprises at least one of a coefficient of temperature gradient, a modulus gradient, a thermal conductivity gradient, work function gradient, toughness gradient, material concentration gradient and an adhesion gradient and combinations thereof.
4. The structure of claim 1 wherein a thickness of at least one of the first layer and the second layer comprises less than about 100 nm.
5. The structure of claim 1 further comprising additional layers of the first layer and the second layer alternately stacked on each other, wherein the property gradient exists across the total number of layers of the composite film.
6. The structure of claim 1 wherein the at least one of the first layer and the second layer comprises at least one of epoxy, polyester, polyimides, polycarbonate and combinations thereof.
7. The structure of claim 1 wherein at least one of the first layer and the second layer comprises at least one of an interpenetrating network of thermosetting resins, an epoxy, cyanate esters, block copolymers and silicate chains using supercritical CO 2 .