Analysis of HIV-1 coreceptor use in the clinical care of HIV-1-infected patients
A change in viral tropism occurs in many HIV positive individuals over time and can be indicated by a change in coreceptor usage from CCR5 to CXCR4. The change in coreceptor usage to CXCR4 has been shown to correlate with increased disease progression. In patients undergoing HAART, the predominant populations of virus can be shifted back to CCR5-mediated entry after the CXCR4-specific strains have emerged. The present invention relates to a diagnostic method to monitor coreceptor use in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The present invention further relates to a diagnostic method applied to HIV-positive individuals undergoing HAART to monitor the suppression of CXCR4 specific strains. The diagnostic methods can be used to assist in selecting antiretroviral therapy and to improve predictions of disease prognosis over time.
1. A diagnostic method of monitoring therapeutic efficacy of an antiretroviral therapy in an acquired immunodeficiency virus-infected patient undergoing the antiretroviral therapy, comprising:
(a) obtaining from the virus-infected patient a population of acquired immunodeficiency virus;
(b) determining the proportion of the viral population using a CXCR4 coreceptor; and
(c) determining the proportion of the viral population using a CCR5 coreceptor,
wherein the proportion of the viral population using the CXCR4 coreceptor and the proportion of the viral population using the CCR5 coreceptor, is determined by obtaining virus envelope gene V3 region sequence(s),
whereby the antiretroviral therapy is determined to be therapeutically effective when the proportion of the viral population using the CXCR4 coreceptor is lower than the proportion of the viral population using the CCR5 coreceptor.
2. The diagnostic method according to claim 1 , wherein the envelope gene encodes gp160 or gp120.
3. The diagnostic method according to claim 1 , wherein the acquired immunodeficiency virus is HIV-1 or HIV-2.
4. The diagnostic method according to claim 1 , wherein the sequence of the envelope gene V3 region is determined from a DNA micro-chip array.
5. The diagnostic method according to claim 1 , wherein the antiretroviral therapy is highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), protease inhibitors, fusion inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, coreceptor specific agents, 3TC, AZT, nevirapine, non-nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors, or nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
6. The diagnostic method according to claim 1 , wherein the antiretroviral therapy is a combination therapy.
7. The diagnostic method according to claim 6 , wherein the combination therapy comprises one or more antiretroviral therapies selected from highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), protease inhibitors, fusion inhibitors, integrase inhibitors, coreceptor specific agents, 3TC, AZT, nevirapine, non-nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors.