Luminescent metal complexes and associated technology
Luminescent metal complexes, methods of producing and/or designing same, methods of using same, and associated technology, are disclosed herein. A luminescent metal complex may be useful for a variety of applications, such as staining, detection, and/or identification, for example, of substances, such as poly(amino acids), for example. Further by way of example, a luminescent metal complex may be useful for staining, detecting, and/or identifying poly(amino acids) that are associated with any of various environments, such as a gel or a gel matrix, such as any associated with SDS-PAGE, for example, a surface environment, such as any associated with western blot, for example, and/or the like. Compositions, solutions, and kits comprising a luminescent metal complex are also disclosed herein.
1. A method of detecting the presence of poly(amino acids) in a sample, the method comprising:
a) mixing the sample with a solution comprising a luminescent complex to form stained poly(amino acids), wherein the stained poly(amino acids) consists of the poly(amino acids) and the luminescent complex and wherein the luminescent complex has a formula:
wherein L 1 , L 2 , and L 3 are each independently a ligand; wherein one or more of L 1 , L 2 , and L 3 comprises at least 20 carbon atoms, renders the luminescent complex sufficiently lipophilic and interacts with the total poly(amino acids) of the sample via direct hydrophobic and wherein at least two of L 1 , L 2 and L 3 are independently selected from 2,2′-bipyridine, a substituted 2,2′-bipyridine of less than 23 carbon atoms, 1,10-phenanthroline, and a substituted 1,10-phenanthroline of less than 25 carbon atoms and
wherein c is a charge of +1 or +2, X is a counterion, and d is the number of X; and
b) detecting light emission from the stained poly(amino acids), thereby detecting the presence of the poly(amino acids).
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein
at least two of the L 1 , L 2 and L 3 are independently selected from 2,2′-bipyridine, 4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine, 3,4,3′,4′-tetramethyl-2,2′-bipyridine, 4,4′-diphenyl-2,2′-bipyridine, 1,10-phenanthroline, 4-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 5-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 4,7-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 5,6-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 3,4,7,8-tetramethyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 5-phenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, bathophenanthroline, and 5-chloro-1,10-phenanthroline, any one of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one sulfonate group;
and the total number of sulfonate groups, if present in L 1 , L 2 and L 3 , combined is no more than 1.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the L 1 , L 2 and L 3 is 4,4′-dinonyl-2,2′-bipyridine or bathophenanthroline.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the L 1 , L 2 and L 3 is represented by the formula,
wherein:
R 1 is —H, phenyl, or sulfophenyl; and
R 2 is a C6 to C22 alkyl, the alkyl optionally comprising at least one hetero atom selected from halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur; a phenyl, substituted with a C1 to C18 alkylaminosulfo substituent, wherein the alkyl thereof is linear or branched and optionally comprises an aryl and/or at least one oxygen atom; or a phenyl, unsubstituted or substituted with a C2 to C24 dialkylaminosulfo substituent, wherein the dialkyl thereof is linear or branched, optionally comprises an aryl and/or at least one oxygen atom, and optionally forms a saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, 4- to 7-membered ring, and the total number of sulfonate groups, if present in L 1 , L 2 and L 3 , is no more than 1.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein at least one ligand selected from ligand L 1 and ligand L 2 is 1,10-phenanthroline; c is 2+; R 1 is —H; and R 2 is represented by the formula, —(CH 2 ) 4 NHCOR 3 , wherein R 3 is a C7 to C17 alkyl.
6. The method of claim 4 , wherein at least one ligand selected from ligand L 1 and ligand L 2 is bathophenanthroline; c is 1+; R 1 is sulfophenyl; and R 2 is represented by the formula, —ArSO 2 NR 4 R 5 , wherein R 4 is —H or a C1 to C7 alkyl; R 5 is —H or a C1 to C7 alkyl; and optionally R 4 and R 5 in combination form a C4- to C7-membered ring, the ring optionally substituted once by a methyl or an ethyl, or twice by a methyl, twice by an ethyl, or twice, once by a methyl and once by a ethyl.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the L 1 , L 2 and L 3 is bathophenanthroline.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the solution further comprises a detergent.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sample is associated with a gel or a surface.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the gel comprises agarose, acrylamide, and/or polyacrylamide.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises electrophoretic processing of the sample.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the step of (a) and the electrophoretic processing of the sample are at least partially concurrent.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the step of (a) follows the electrophoretic processing of the sample.
14. The method of claim 11 , wherein the step of (a) precedes the electrophoretic processing of the sample.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sample is associated with a membrane comprising nitrocellulose, nylon, and/or poly(vinylidene difluoride).