Cinchona alkaloid-catalyzed asymmetric mannich reactions
The instability of carbamate-protected alkyl imines has greatly hampered the development of catalytic asymmetric Mannich reactions suitable for the synthesis of optically active carbamate-protected chiral alkyl amines. A highly enantioselective Mannich reaction with in situ generation of carbamate-protected imines from stable α-amido sulfones catalyzed by an organic catalyst has been developed. This reaction provides a concise and highly enantioselective route converting aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes into optically active aryl and alkyl β-amino acids.
1. A method of forming a chiral non-racemic amine, comprising the step of: combining in a halohydrocarbon solvent a nucleophile selected from the group consisting of malonates and keto esters, a base selected from the group consisting of carbonates and hydroxides, a chiral non-racemic catalyst, and a substrate selected from the group consisting of N-alkoxycarbonyl imine, N-aryloxycarbonyl imine, N-alkenyloxycarbonyl imine, N-aralkoxycarbonyl imine, and N-aralkenyloxycarbonyl imine; wherein said chiral non-racemic catalyst is (DHQ) 2 PHAL, (DHQD) 2 PHAL, (DHQ) 2 PYR, (DHQD) 2 PYR, (DHQ) 2 AQN, (DHQD) 2 AQN, DHQ-CLB, DHQD-CLB, DHQ-MEQ, DHQD-MEQ, DHQ-AQN, DHQD-AQN, DHQ-PHN, DHQD-PHN, QD-PH, QD-AN, QD-NT, QD-AC, QD-CH, QD-IP, QD-(−)-MN, QD-AD, Q-PH, Q-AN, Q-NT, Q-CH, Q-AC, Q-IP, Q-(−)-MN, Q-AD, 9-thiourea Q or 9-thiourea QD; said chiral non-racemic catalyst catalyzes the addition of said nucleophile to said substrate to give a chiral non-racemic amine; the enantiomeric excess or diastereomeric excess of the chiral non-racemic amine is greater than about 90%; and the method is performed at a temperature in the range of −20° C. to 50° C.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said substrate is an N-alkoxycarbonyl imine, N-alkenyloxycarbonyl imine or N-aralkoxycarbonyl imine.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said substrate is an N-allyloxycarbonyl imine, N-benzyloxycarbonyl imine, N-tert-butoxycarbonyl imine, N-2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl imine, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxycarbonyl imine or N-9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl imine.
4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising: combining an N-α-phosphonylalkyl O-alkyl carbamate, N-α-sulfonylalkyl O-alkyl carbamate, N-α-haloalkyl O-alkyl carbamate, N-α-phosphonylalkyl O-aryl carbamate, N-α-sulfonylalkyl O-aryl carbamate, N-α-haloalkyl O-aryl carbamate, N-α-phosphonylalkyl O-alkenyl carbamate, N-α-sulfonylalkyl O-alkenyl carbamate, N-α-haloalkyl O-alkenyl carbamate, N-α-phosphonylalkyl O-aralkyl carbamate, N-α-sulfonylalkyl O-aralkyl carbamate, N-α-haloalkyl O-aralkyl carbamate, N-α-phosphonylalkyl O-aralkenyl carbamate, N-α-sulfonylalkyl O-aralkenyl carbamate, or N-α-haloalkyl O-aralkenyl carbamate, and a base to generate an N-alkoxycarbonyl imine, N-aryloxycarbonyl imine, N-alkenyloxycarbonyl imine, N-aralkoxycarbonyl imine, or N-aralkenyloxycarbonyl imine.
5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising: combining an N-α-sulfonylalkyl O-alkyl carbamate, N-α-sulfonylalkyl O-aryl carbamate, N-α-sulfonylalkyl O-alkenyl carbamate, N-α-sulfonylalkyl O-aralkyl carbamate, or N-α-sulfonylalky O-aralkenyl carbamate, and a base to generate an N-alkoxycarbonyl imine, N-aryloxycarbonyl imine, N-alkenyloxycarbonyl imine, N-aralkoxycarbonyl imine, or N-aralkenyloxycarbonyl imine.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein said nucleophile is a malonate.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein said chiral non-racemic catalyst is 9-thiourea Q or 9-thiourea QD.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein said chiral non-racemic catalyst is represented by QD or Q:
wherein
R represents hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, acyl, alkynyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, alkenyloxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aralkenyloxycarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, aralkylaminocarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkenylaminocarbonyl, aralkenylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, arylthiocarbonyl, aryloxythiocarbonyl, alkoxythiocarbonyl, aralkoxythiocarbonyl, arylaminothiocarbonyl, aralkylaminothiocarbonyl, alkenyloxythiocarbonyl, alkenylaminothiocarbonyl, aminothiocarbonyl, alkylaminothiocarbonyl, aralkenyloxythiocarbonyl, aralkenylaminothiocarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, aralkylsulfonyl, alkenylsulforyl, arylphosphoryl, aralkylphosphoryl, alkenylphosphoryl or alkylphosphoryl.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein R is arylaminothiocarbonyl.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein R is 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenylaminothiocarbonyl.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein said base is a hydroxide.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein said substrate is an N-alkoxycarbonyl imine, N-alkenyloxycarbonyl imine or N-aralkoxycarbonyl imine; and said nucleophile is a malonate.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein said substrate is an N-alkoxycarbonyl imine, N-alkenyloxycarbonyl imine or N-aralkoxycarbonyl imine; and said nucleophile is a malonate; and said base is a hydroxide.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein said substrate is an N-alkoxycarbonyl imine, N-alkenyloxycarbonyl imine or N-aralkoxycarbonyl imine; and said nucleophile is a malonate; and said base is a hydroxide; and said chiral non-racemic catalyst is (DHQ) 2 PHAL, (DHQD) 2 PHAL, (DHQ) 2 PYR, (DHQD) 2 PYR, (DHQ) 2 AQN, (DHQD) 2 AQN, DHQ-CLB, DHQD-CLB, DHQ-MEQ, DHQD-MEQ, DHQ-AQN, DHQD-AQN, DHQ-PHN, DHQD-PHN, QD-PH, QD-AN, QD-NT, QD-AC, QD-CH, QD-IP, QD-(−)-MN, QD-AD, Q-PH, Q-AN, Q-NT, Q-CH, Q-AC, Q-IP, Q-(−)-MN, Q-AD, 9-thiourea Q or 9-thiourea QD.
15. The method of claim I, wherein said substrate is an N-alkoxycarbonyl imine, N-alkenyloxycarbonyl imine or N-aralkoxycarbonyl imine; and said nucleophile is a malonate; and said base is a hydroxide; and said chiral non-racemic catalyst is 9-thiourea Q or 9-thiourea QD.
16. A method of preparing a chiral non-racemic amine represented by Scheme 1:
wherein
said chiral non-racemic catalyst is represented by QD or Q:
wherein
R represents hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, acyl, alkynyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, heteroalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, alkenyloxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aralkenyloxycarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, aralkylaminocarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkenylaminocarbonyl, aralkenylaminocarbonyl, alkylthiocarbonyl, arylthiocarbonyl, aryloxythiocarbonyl, alkoxythiocarbonyl, aralkoxythiocarbonyl, arylaminothiocarbonyl, aralkylaminothiocarbonyl, alkenyloxythiocarbonyl, alkenylaminothiocarbonyl, aminothiocarbonyl, alkylaminothiocarbonyl, aralkenyloxythiocarbonyl, aralkenylaminothiocarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, arylsulfonyl, aralkylsulfonyl, alkenylsulforyl, arylphosphoryl, aralkylphosphoryl, alkenylphosphoryl or alkylphosphoryl;
R′ represents hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, or heteroaralkyl;
R 1 represents alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, aralkyl, or heteroaralkyl;
R′ and R 1 , taken together, may form an optionally substituted ring consisting of 3-10 backbone atoms inclusive; said ring optionally comprising one or more hetereoatoms;
R 1 and R 2 , taken together, may form an optionally substituted ring consisting of 4-10 backbone atoms inclusive; said ring optionally comprising one or more hetereoatoms beyond the nitrogen to which R 2 is bonded;
R 2 represents alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, alkenyloxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, or aralkenyloxycarbonyl;
NuH represents malonate or keto ester;
base represents carbonate or hydroxide;
the method is performed in a halohydrocarbon solvent; and
the method is performed at a temperature in the range of −20° C. to 50° C.;
wherein the enantiomeric excess or diastereomeric excess of the chiral non-racemic amine is greater than about 90%.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein R 2 represents alkoxycarbonyl, alkenyloxycarbonyl or aralkoxycarbonyl.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein NuH represents malonate.
19. The method of claim 16 , wherein base represents hydroxide.
20. The method claim 16 , wherein R 2 represents alkoxycarbonyl, alkenyloxycarbonyl or aralkoxycarbonyl; and NuH represents malonate.
21. The method claim 16 , wherein R 2 represents alkoxycarbonyl, alkenyloxycarbonyl or aralkoxycarbonyl; and NuH represents malonate; and base represents hydroxide.
22. The method of claim 16 , wherein R is arylaminothiocarbonyl.
23. The method of claim 16 , wherein R is 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenylaminothiocarbonyl.
24. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method is performed at a temperature in the range of −20° C. to 25° C.
25. The method of claim 16 , wherein the method is performed at a temperature in the range of −20° C. to 25° C.
26. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method is performed at room temperature.
27. The method of claim 1 , wherein the halohydrocarbon solvent is methylene chloride or chloroform.
28. The method of claim 16 , wherein the method is performed at room temperature.
29. The method of claim 16 , wherein the halohydrocarbon solvent is methylene chloride or chloroform.