Electrically gradated carbon foam
Electrically gradated carbon foam materials that have changing or differing electrical properties through the thickness of the carbon foam material and methods for making these electrically gradated carbon foam materials are described herein. In some embodiments, the electrically gradated carbon foam materials exhibit increasing electrical resistivity through the thickness of the carbon foam material such that the electrical resistivity near a second surface of the carbon foam is at least 2 times greater than the electrical resistivity near a first surface of the carbon foam. These electrically gradated carbon foam materials may be used as radar absorbers, as well as in electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding schemes.
1. A carbon foam material comprising a carbon foam body comprising a first surface, a second surface, and a thickness of carbon foam between the first surface and the second surface, wherein carbon foam of the carbon foam body near the second surface exhibits an electrical resistivity at least about 2 times greater than an electrical resistivity of the carbon foam of the carbon foam body near the first surface.
2. The carbon foam material of claim 1 , wherein the electrical resistivity near the second surface of the carbon foam body is at least about 5 times greater than the electrical resistivity near the first surface of the carbon foam body.
3. The carbon foam material of claim 1 , wherein the electrical resistivity near the second surface of the carbon foam body is at least about 10 times greater than the electrical resistivity near the first surface of the carbon foam body.
4. The carbon foam material of claim 1 , wherein the electrical resistivity near the second surface of the carbon foam body is at least about 100 times greater than the electrical resistivity near the first surface of the carbon foam body.
5. The carbon foam material of claim 1 , wherein the electrical resistivity near the second surface of the carbon foam body is at least about 1,000 times greater than the electrical resistivity near the first surface of the carbon foam body.
6. The carbon foam material of claim 1 , wherein the electrical resistivity near the second surface of the carbon foam body is at least about 2 to about 1E +8 times greater than the electrical resistivity near the first surface of the carbon foam body.
7. The carbon foam material of claim 1 , wherein the electrical resistivity near the second surface of the carbon foam body is at least about 10 ohm-cm greater than the electrical resistivity near the first surface of the carbon foam body.
8. The carbon foam material of claim 1 , wherein the electrical resistivity near the second surface of the carbon foam body is at least about 100 ohm-cm greater than the electrical resistivity near the first surface of the carbon foam body.
9. The carbon foam material of claim 1 , wherein the electrical resistivity near the second surface of the carbon foam body is at least about 1,000 ohm-cm greater than the electrical resistivity near the first surface of the carbon foam body.
10. The carbon foam material of claim 1 , wherein the electrical resistivity of the carbon foam body increases through the thickness of the carbon foam body from the first surface to near the second surface.
11. The carbon foam material of claim 1 , wherein the carbon foam has a density ranging from about 0.05 g/cc to about 1.2 g/cc.
12. The carbon foam material of claim 1 , wherein the thickness is at least about 0.5 inches.
13. The carbon foam material of claim 1 , wherein the thickness ranges from about 0.5 inches to about 12 inches.
14. A method for making an electrically gradated carbon foam material, comprising the steps of:
providing a carbon foam body comprising a first surface, a second surface, and a thickness of carbon foam between the first surface and the second surface, wherein the carbon foam body has an initial electrical resistivity; and
heating the first surface of the carbon foam body at a temperature and for a time effective to decrease the electrical resistivity near the first surface to a first electrical resistivity, wherein the electrical resistivity near the second surface is at least 2 times greater than the first electrical resistivity.
15. A method for making an electrically gradated carbon foam material, comprising the steps of:
providing a carbon foam body comprising a first surface, a second surface, and a thickness of carbon foam between the first surface and the second surface, wherein the carbon foam body has an initial electrical resistivity;
heating the first surface of the carbon foam body at a first temperature and for a time effective to decrease the initial electrical resistivity near the first surface to a first electrical resistivity; and
heating the second surface of the carbon foam body at a second temperature and for a time effective to decrease the initial electrical resistivity near the second surface to a second electrical resistivity, wherein the second electrical resistivity near the second surface is at least about 2 times greater that the first electrical resistivity near the first surface.
16. The carbon foam material of claim 15 , wherein the electrical resistivity near the second surface of the carbon foam body is at least about 2 to about 1E +8 times greater than the first electrical resistivity near the first surface of the carbon foam body.
17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the steps of heating are conducted under an inert atmosphere.
18. The method of claim 15 , wherein the first temperature and second temperature are at least about 400° C. to about 2000° C., and wherein the first temperature is greater than the second temperature.