Compositions and methods for counteracting effects of reactive oxygen species and free radicals
Peptide compounds and methods for upregulating expression of a gene encoding an antioxidative enzyme, such as superoxide dismutase or catalase, to counteract harmful oxidative effects of reactive oxygen species and other free radicals are described. The peptide compounds may be used to treat or prevent diseases and conditions characterized by undesirable elevation of reactive oxygen species and other free radicals, to upregulate AP-1 gene expression, and to treat pain. The peptide compounds may be used as components of pharmaceuticals and dietary supplements.
1. An isolated peptide compound, wherein the amino acid sequence of the peptide compound is Asp Gly Asp, Thr Val Ser, Glu Ala, or Asp Gly, wherein the peptide compound comprises an amino terminal capping group and/or a carboxy terminal capping group.
2. A composition comprising a peptide compound, wherein the amino acid sequence of the peptide compound is Asp Gly Asp, Thr Val Ser, Glu Ala, or Asp Gly, wherein the peptide compound comprises an amino terminal capping group and/or a carboxy terminal capping group; and the composition comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
3. An isolated peptide compound, wherein the amino acid sequence of the peptide compound is Glu Gly, Asp Gly Asp Gly Asp (SEQ ID NO:4), Asp Ala, or Asp Gly Asp Gly Asp Phe Ala (SEQ ID NO:6), wherein the peptide compound comprises an amino terminal capping group and/or a carboxy terminal capping group.
4. A peptide compound comprising a peptide, wherein the amino acid sequence of the peptide compound is:
R1 Xaa1 Xaa2 Xaa3 R2,
wherein Xaa1 is Asp, Asn, Glu, Gln, Thr, or Tyr; Xaa2 is absent or any amino acid; Xaa3 is Asp, Asn, Glu, Thr, Ser, Gly, or Leu; R1 is absent or is an amino terminal capping group; R2 is absent or is a carboxy terminal capping group, wherein R1 and R2 are not both absent.
5. A peptide compound comprising a peptide, wherein the amino acid sequence of the peptide compound is:
R1 Xaa1 Xaa2 Xaa3 R2,
wherein Xaa1 is Asp, Asn, Gln, Thr, or Tyr; Xaa2 is absent or any amino acid; Xaa3 is Asp, Asn, Glu, Thr, Ser, Gly, or Leu; R1 is absent or is an amino terminal capping group; R2 is absent or is a carboxy terminal capping group, wherein R1 and R2 are not both absent.
6. The peptide compound of any of claims 1 , 3 , 4 , and 5 , wherein the amino terminal capping group is selected from the group consisting of 1 to 6 lysine residues; 1 to 6 arginine residues; a mixture of arginine and lysine residues ranging from 2 to 6 residues, a urethane, a urea, a glucose-3-O-glycolic acid group; an acyl group containing a saturated or unsaturated, branched or unbranched, hydrocarbon chain; or combinations thereof.
7. The peptide compound of claim 6 , wherein the acyl group is an acetyl group; a palmitoyl group; a lipoyl group; a docosahexaenoyl group; a capryloyl group; a caproyl group; a lauroyl group; a myristoyl group; a palmitoleoyl group; a stearoyl group; a oleoyl group; a vaccenoyl group; a linoleoyl group; an alpha-linolenoyl group; eleostearoyl group; a beta-linolenoyl group; a gondoyl group; a dihomo-gamma-linolenoyl group; a arachidonoyl group; a eicosapentaenoyl group; a docosenoyl group; a docosatetraenoyl group; a docosapentaenoyl group; a docosapentaenoyl group; or a nervonoyl group.
8. The peptide compound of any of claims 1 , 3 , 4 , and 5 , wherein the carboxy terminal capping group is selected from the group consisting of an amino group linked to the carboxy terminal carbonyl of the peptide compound amino acid sequence by an amide bond; an aliphatic alcohol linked to the carboxy terminal carbonyl of the peptide compound amino acid sequence by an ester bond; or an aromatic phenolic derivative linked to the carboxy terminal carbonyl of the peptide compound amino acid sequence by an ester bond.
9. The isolated peptide compound of claim 1 , wherein the amino acid sequence of the peptide compound is Asp Gly Asp.
10. The isolated peptide compound of claim 1 , wherein the amino acid sequence of the peptide compound is Thr Val Ser.
11. The isolated peptide compound of claim 1 , wherein the amino acid sequence of the peptide compound is Glu Ala.
12. The isolated peptide compound of claim 1 , wherein the amino acid sequence of the peptide compound is Asp Gly.
13. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the amino terminal capping group is selected from the group consisting of 1 to 6 lysine residues; 1 to 6 arginine residues; a mixture of arginine and lysine residues ranging from 2 to 6 residues, a urethane, a urea, a glucose-3-O-glycolic acid group; an acyl group containing a saturated or unsaturated, branched or unbranched, hydrocarbon chain; or combinations thereof.
14. The peptide compound of claim 13 , wherein the acyl group is an acetyl group; a palmitoyl group; a lipoyl group; a docosahexaenoyl group; a capryloyl group; a caproyl group; a lauroyl group; a myristoyl group; a palmitoleoyl group; a stearoyl group; a oleoyl group; a vaccenoyl group; a linoleoyl group; an alpha-linolenoyl group; eleostearoyl group; a beta-linolenoyl group; a gondoyl group; a dihomo-gamma-linolenoyl group; a arachidonoyl group; a eicosapentaenoyl group; a docosenoyl group; a docosatetraenoyl group; a docosapentaenoyl group; a docosapentaenoyl group; or a nervonoyl group.
15. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the carboxy terminal capping group is selected from the group consisting of an amino group linked to the carboxy terminal carbonyl of the peptide compound amino acid sequence by an amide bond; an aliphatic alcohol linked to the carboxy terminal carbonyl of the peptide compound amino acid sequence by an ester bond; or an aromatic phenolic derivative linked to the carboxy terminal carbonyl of the peptide compound amino acid sequence by an ester bond.
16. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the amino acid sequence of the peptide compound is Asp Gly Asp.
17. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the amino acid sequence of the peptide compound is Thr Val Ser.
18. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the amino acid sequence of the peptide compound is Glu Ala.
19. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the amino acid sequence of the peptide compound is Asp Gly.
20. The isolated peptide compound of claim 3 , wherein the amino acid sequence of the peptide compound is Glu Gly.
21. The isolated peptide compound of claim 3 , wherein the amino acid sequence of the peptide compound is Asp Gly Asp Gly Asp SEQ ID NO:4).
22. The isolated peptide compound of claim 3 , wherein the amino acid sequence of the peptide compound is Asp Ala.
23. The isolated peptide compound of claim 3 , wherein the amino acid sequence of the peptide compound is Asp Gly Asp Gly Asp Phe Ala (SEQ ID NO:6).
24. The peptide compound of claim 4 , wherein R1 is a lipoyl group.
25. The peptide compound of claim 5 , wherein R1 is a lipoyl group.
26. The peptide compound of claim 1 , wherein the amino terminal capping group is present and the carboxy terminal capping group is absent.
27. The peptide compound of claim 1 , wherein the amino terminal capping group is [Lip].
28. The isolated peptide compound of claim 1 , wherein the peptide compound is [Lip]-Glu Ala.
29. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the peptide compound is [Lip]-Glu Ala.