Method of modulating cell resistance

1. A method for modulating a Streptococcus cell's resistance to a bacteriophage comprising:

a) introducing into the Streptococcus cell one or more Clustered Regularly Spaced Short Palindromic Repeat-associated cas genes two or more Clustered Regularly spaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR) and one or more CRISPR spacers, wherein the one or more cas genes and the two or more CRISPR are from the same CRISPR locus and wherein the one or more cas genes are expressed in the cell, and wherein the one or more Cas proteins encoded by the one or more cas genes in combination with the two or more CRISPRs and the one or more CRISPR spacers modulate the resistance of the cell against the bacteriophage, wherein each of the two or more CRISPRs comprise a nucleic acid sequence selected from the group consisting of one of the nucleic acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS. 1-22 and nucleic acid sequences having at least 97% identity with one of the nucleic acid sequences of SEQ ID NOS. 1-22: wherein each of said one or more CRISPR spacers has 100% identity to a nucleic acid of the bacteriophage over at least the length of the CRISPR spacer core and is located between two of the two or more CRISPRs such that the modulation of the introduced Streptococcus cell is increased resistance to said bacteriophage.

2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the one or more CRISPR spacer are from an organism different from the organism from which the one or more cas genes and the two or more CRISPRs are obtained.

3. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the one or more CRISPR spacer are obtained from a cell which is resistant to the bacteriophage.

4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the one or more CRISPR spacers are a synthetic nucleic acid sequence.

5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the one or more cas gene(s) is operably linked to a regulatory sequence.

6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said Streptococcus cell is a Streptococcus thermophilus cell.